Document Type
Article
Publication Date
12-2017
Publication Source
Journal of Chemical Physics
Abstract
Increasing interest in the thermodynamics of small and/or isolated systems, in combination with recent observations of negative temperatures of atoms in ultracold optical lattices, has stimulated the need for estimating the conventional, canonical temperature Tconvc of systems in equilibrium with heat baths using eigenstate-specific temperatures (ESTs). Four distinct ESTs—continuous canonical, discrete canonical, continuous microcanonical, and discrete microcanonical—are accordingly derived for two-level paramagnetic spin lattices (PSLs) in external magnetic fields. At large N, the four ESTs are intensive, equal to Tconvc, and obey all four laws of thermodynamics. In contrast, for N < 1000, the ESTs of most PSL eigenstates are non-intensive, differ from Tconvc, and violate each of the thermodynamic laws. Hence, in spite of their similarities to Tconvc at large N, the ESTs are not true thermodynamic temperatures. Even so, each of the ESTs manifests a unique functional dependence on energy which clearly specifies the magnitude and direction of their deviation from Tconvc; the ESTs are thus good temperature estimators for small PSLs. The thermodynamic uncertainty relation is obeyed only by the ESTs of small canonical PSLs; it is violated by large canonical PSLs and by microcanonical PSLs of any size. The ESTs of population-inverted eigenstates are negative (positive) when calculated using Boltzmann (Gibbs) entropies; the thermodynamic implications of these entropically induced differences in sign are discussed in light of adiabatic invariance of the entropies. Potential applications of the four ESTs to nanothermometers and to systems with long-range interactions are discussed.
ISBN/ISSN
1089-7690
Document Version
Postprint
Copyright
Copyright © 2018, the Authors
Publisher
AIP Publishing
Volume
147
Peer Reviewed
yes
Issue
21
Sponsoring Agency
National Science Foundation (No. NSF-EPS-0132295) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Undergraduate Biological Sciences Education Initiative Year 2000 Award)
eCommons Citation
Masthay, Mark; Eads, Calley N.; Johnson, Amber N.; Keil, R. Gerald; Miller, Phillip; Jones, Ross E.; Mashburn, Joe D.; and Fannin, Harry B., "Eigenstate–Specific Temperatures in Two–Level Paramagnetic Spin Lattices" (2017). Chemistry Faculty Publications. 73.
https://ecommons.udayton.edu/chm_fac_pub/73
Appendices and references
Comments
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