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  ETHOS We Care Arts Immersion

  Mary Corrigan, Nicole Gonzalez

  We Care Arts is a therapy program for adults with disabilities where they can come to make friends and indulge in their favorite art projects ranging from drawing to glass work. As their mission statement reads they "believe in the healing power of creating and producing art that transforms physical, developmental and mental challenges into a future rich with possibilities." Corrigan and Gonzalez worked on a database that includes different disabilities with wide arrays of art projects tailored to each specifically. They also worked on creating a special step stool designed to fix the problems of a specific client. Our goals were to reduce inequalities for those with ranging disabilities and to create projects that improve their life skills and/or motor functions.

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  Evaluation of the Environmental Impact of Different Clothing Materials

  Emily Kleiner, Alicia Sweet, Andrew Willke

  A hybrid Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) was conducted to evaluate the energy requirements, greenhouse gas emissions, and other environmental indicators of the clothing material polyester. These results are compared to the analysis of cotton as a clothing material to understand if synthetic fabrics have a lower environmental impact than natural fabrics.

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  Fabrication and Characterization of Polyacrylonitrile/lignin based nanofibers for potential applications in water purification.

  Suchitha Devadas

  There are many emerging contaminants present in water and their presence can induce detrimental health effects including the disruption of the endocrine system in humans. Hence, there is a need to find an innovative separation technology for contaminants removal from aqueous streams. In this study, lignin, a biopolymer, which is a waste product produced in abundance mostly from the paper and pulp industry, is studied. Lignin in blend with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was fabricated using electrospinning techniques. This process allows the production of nanoscale fibers with a large surface area and high porosity which increases adsorption rates overcoming the lower surface area and pore size of conventional adsorbents. Adsorbing mats comprised of a blend of lignin (alkali, low sulfonate content) and PAN in an N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent binder using electrospinning were produced. Different ratios between 100:0 and 20:80 of PAN and lignin were electrospun to study their morphology using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The viscosity of PAN in DMF was high, but viscosity decreased with addition lignin. Thermal analysis of produced nanofibers was examined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to study on crosslinking of PAN/lignin fiber mats. Based on results, heat treatment of nanofibers was done at 300℃ in a tube furnace with a rate of 5℃/min to stabilize nanofibers by cross-linking for greater adsorption. The proposed research will aid in the fabrication of an efficient lignin nanofiber as an emergent green approach in toxin removals from water. These nanofibers have potential use in many other chemical separations and adsorption technologies.

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  Fiber Scanning Imaging Techniques for Applications in Laser Additive Manufacturing Systems

  Yujie Yang

  Additive manufacturing systems based on selective laser melting of metallic powders are expected to benefit from real-time process control that takes into account measurements of parameters such as the local distribution of powder particle sizes, the texture and roughness of the solidified surface or the actual temperature of the melt pool. We have been investigating fiber scanning imaging systems that operate in such way that they could be incorporated into laser additive manufacturing systems. Laboratory benchtop prototypes for two different imaging systems were built and experimentally evaluated.The first prototype is a confocal imaging system where a single-mode fiber is used for both transmitting the illuminating laser light and receiving the light returning after scattering off the surface of the sample. Its purpose is the measurement of surface characteristics. In this system, the transceiver fiber is mounted to a bimorph piezoelectric actuator, which moves the fiber tip along a line orthogonal to the optical axis and thus also the focal spot across the sample surface. A fiber-optical circulator separates transmitted and received light. A scanner control and data acquisition system allows for continuous recording of line images. Two dimensional images are achieved by moving the sample along the axis that is orthogonal to both the optical axis and the scanning direction of the fiber tip. In the presentation we will discuss characteristics of the obtained imagery and their relationship to surface characteristics of investigated samples.The purpose of the second prototype is the measurement of the local temperature at the melt pool created by the high-power processing laser or at the hit spot of a probing laser for feedback or feedforward control of the power of the processing laser. The measurement of temperature is done by reimaging the sample surface on an infrared receiver fiber and measurement of the power of the received infrared light. One objective of the project is to record infrared (thermal) line images similar to the system described above, but our current laboratory prototype does not yet include a fiber actuator and the electronics for recording of line images. Instead, we demonstrate acquisition of infrared line images of a small sample (a hot wire with 50 µm diameter) by moving the receiver optics with a motorized translation stage.

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  GHG Inventory for Local Urban Farm Shows Promise for Carbon Sink Capabilities

  Theresa Isemann

  Due to the accelerated timeline of having under ten years to reduce anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the next generation of climate change solutions will require hybrid strategies that both adjust to the consequences of inevitable climate changes (adaptation) and abate emissions to prevent intensifying future changes (mitigation). Humans will need to rethink the designs of large GHG-intensive systems, including the conventional food system that is currently GHG intensive, vulnerable to climate risks, and ecologically destructive to local ecosystems. This research begins to explore the role of urban farms in acting as a hybrid mitigation and adaptation strategy to climate risks. The potential of urban agriculture to act as a hybrid strategy is contingent on the farm’s ability to act as a net sink of emissions, while ensuring food security and economic viability. This research aims to be the first to quantify the GHG emissions, in terms of carbon equivalency, of all operational processes of a local urban farm in the Midwest region of the United States. A focus on the role of renewable energy in unlocking the carbon sink potential showcases the significance in abating emissions from electricity and heating/cooling needs. This work lays the foundation for the next step, in which an optimization model will be developed to adjust operational processes for optimal carbon storage. The timing of this research is critical as the Miami Valley region builds capacity to scale urban agriculture to better ensure climate resilience in the face of changing growing seasons and other climate-related threats to agricultural yields. Understanding the advantages of a carbon sink design in the context of local and regional benefits can effectively inform future urban farm designs.

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  Global STEM Research Experience for Teachers

  Madeline Mock, Danielle Ostendorf, Lanny Sparks

  A three year grant from the National Science Foundation was awarded to fund a Research Experience for Teachers (RET) that focuses on human-centered design and appropriate technology for developing countries. This collaborative RET between the University of Dayton (UD) and Central State University (CSU) will engage G6-12 pre-service and in-service teachers in a variety of engineering research opportunities through UDs ETHOS Center. The participants will participate in orientation activities, appropriate technology related research and/or human-centered design with a faculty member and on-site work at the international community partner’s facility. In addition, participants will develop curriculum with the participant cohort under the guidance of a curriculum coach that includes continued research with a faculty member, piloting, revising, and final submission of curriculum to TeachEngineering or for sharing with other college faculty on CSU’s and UD’s websites. The human-centered design portion of this RET will educate the participants on developing appropriate technologies for their geographical area that will meet the needs of the people while allowing them to remain self-sufficient after the participants leave their immersion site. This will be achieved through teaching the three phases of human-centered design: inspiration, ideation and implementation. These new tools and experiences will empower teachers to encourage their students to pursue engineering careers. In addition, this project will have a significant impact in the Dayton region and beyond through the participation of teachers and college faculty that teach a high number of students that are underrepresented in engineering and/or come from underserved schools.

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  Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment on Bio-Fuel and Electric Powered Automobiles

  Andrew Kohls, Katie O'Rourke, Cade Pantano

  As alternatives to the classic gasoline and diesel powered vehicles become more popular for people looking to reduce their carbon footprint, it is important to take a holistic approach in determining what is truly the best option for the environment. An environmentally extended Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to evaluate two categories of alternative fuels, electric-powered and bio-fuels. Electric-powered engines are an increasing percentage of vehicles on the road, the U.S. market share of plug-in electric passenger cars now sits at 2.2% of cars that take the road. (Coren) Three different classes of electric engines were analyzed in this study: single, dual, and tri-motor. Biofuel research is rapidly expanding and being implemented, as 10% of U.S. vehicle fuel consumption (by volume) was ethanol and over 98% of U.S. gasoline contained ethanol in 2018. (University of Michigan) This study analyzed the three main biofuels of compressed natural gas, ethanol, and biodiesel. A hybrid method of LCA allows for specific process data to be used when available, with general industry data to fill in the gaps, in order to get the most complete picture possible. ReferencesCoren, Michael J. “Automakers May Have Completely Overestimated How Many People Want Electric Cars.” Quartz, Quartz, 6 Jan. 2020, qz.com/1533976/automakers-may-overproduce-14-million-electric-cars-by-2030/.Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. 2019. "Biofuels Factsheet." Pub. No. CSS08-09.

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  Image Processing Techniques Used for Dermatology Research

  Brandon Phillips

  Over the last semester, Premier Health has Partnered with the University of Dayton in improving its TeleHealth Mobile Cart. Premier Health is interested in dermatology this semester. This semester’s project will focus on the dermatology aspects of light filtering and image processing of images to capture and determine better ways to help detect different degrees levels of burns and different skin anomalies. This semester I have focused on and tested different color light filters and different image processing techniques that I have learned about in ECE 563 class.

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  Impact of cDLP Process Parameters on the Tensile Properties of ELAST-BLK 10

  Asma Ul Hosna Meem, Kyle Rudolph

  Continuous digital light processing (cDLP) is an emerging vat-photopolymerization-based 3D-printing technology where full layers of photosensitive resin are irradiated and cured with projected UV light to create a three-dimensional part layer-by-layer. Recent breakthroughs in polymer chemistry have led to a growing number of UV-curable elastomeric photoresins developed exclusively for vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing (AM). Coupled with the practical manufacturing advantages of cDLP AM (e.g., industry-leading print speeds and sub-micron print resolution), these novel elastomeric photoresins are compelling candidates for emerging applications requiring extreme flexibility, stretchability, conformability, and mechanically-tunable stiffness (e.g., soft robotic actuators, stretchable electronics, cellular metamaterials, and anatomical models for surgical prep). To advance the role of cDLP AM in these novel and promising technological spaces, a fundamental understanding of the impact of cDLP manufacturing process parameters on mechanical properties is requisite. This talk highlights our recent efforts to explore the process-property relationship for ELAST-BLK 10, a new ultra-soft, cDLP-printed, UV-curable elastomer. A full factorial design of experiments was used to investigate the effect of build orientation and layer thickness on the quasi-static tensile properties (small-strain elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation at fracture) following ASTM D412. Statistical results, based on a general linear model via ANOVA methods, indicate that specimens with a flat build orientation exhibit the highest Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation at fracture, likely due to higher crosslink density. Several popular hyperelastic constitutive models (e.g., Yeoh, Gent, and Ogden) were calibrated to our quasi-static tensile data for implementation in commercial finite element software.

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  Impact of Space Travel

  Patrick Neil Ruhala, Ryan C. Simkins, Drew Christopher Whalen

  We are looking at the environmental impact and sustainability of interplanetary space travel. Based on the past and current cost of launching objects into space we are attempting to determine the current and future cost to the planet and whether an LCA can accurately capture all the costs and benefits. We are also interested in understanding not only the environmental cost, but the societal impact as well, with many of the major space programs being funded by governments.

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  Industry 4.0 in the Retail Sector: Sustainability of Food Retail with a Focus on Food Insecurity in Dayton, Ohio

  Katrina A. Coleman

  With the advent of Industry 4.0, the fourth wave of the industrial revolution, the food retail industry has been revolutionizing at an unprecedented rate. Stores have become stocked with a large variety and quantity of goods, leading to an increase in waste accumulation. Although there have been advancements in large scale agriculture, not as many advancements have been made in efficiently distributing produce and minimizing waste. While performing field work in Dayton, Ohio, I began to realize that food was not as accessible in lower-income areas and Dayton is a food apartheid. This led me to look deeper into the issue of food insecurity and ways to create a more sustainable environment using methods of Industry 4.0, while also giving access to those without.

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  Life Cycle Analysis of Beef vs. Soy Production

  Nathan Mansour, Clare Volpenhein, Katie Weitzel

  Using a Hybrid Life Cycle Analysis, we compared the production of beef and soy to see the difference between water consumption, greenhouse gases, energy needs, and other environmental impacts. With many people deciding to choose a meatless diet to reduce their environmental impact, we sought to determine if this diet change is more environmentally friendly. This project addresses the US Sustainable Development goal 12, Responsible Production and Consumption.

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  Life Cycle Assessment of Coal and Nuclear Energy Generation

  Will Page Blaufuss, Jaime Elaine Howard, Nicholas Alexander Pannunzio

  Using an environmentally extended Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), we will compare nuclear energy to conventional carbon-based energy sources, taking into account and analyzing all stages of the energy generation life cycle. We plan to include land usage and degradation, mining, pollution, waste disposal, decommissioning costs, and storage of nuclear waste into our analysis. The comparison will then determine if nuclear energy is a truly green alternative to currently-used coal and gas plants.

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  Metal Layer Architectures for 2D TMD Heterostructures

  Anna K. Benton

  The purpose of this investigation is to control the formation of atomically thin metal films of transition metals on silicon wafers with a 200 nm oxide layer. Metals have physical characteristics that are dependent on the thickness and structure of the material. The thickness and the structure of the material change depending on the conditions of metal deposition. By varying the metal deposition conditions, the desired physical characteristics, such as roughness and crystalline domain size, can be attained. This project focuses on depositing a transition metal film using a sputtering chamber at different growth conditions using low power, medium power, and high power. Film thickness and structure were observed using an atomic force microscope (AFM). Surface features were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Conductivity data was used to indicate film structure. The metal films will then be exposed to a vapor containing sulfur or selenium to create thin heterostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). The heterostructure films will then be characterized using an AFM, SEM and Raman Spectroscopy. Once the relationship between metal film structure and reactivity with chalcogen vapors is understood, different transition metal films will be deposited sequentially to form a bilayer of two transition metals. After film growth, the bilayers will be observed using an AFM and SEM. Conductivity data will indicate film structure. The bilayer films will be exposed to vapor containing sulfur or selenium to create two layers of TMDs. One of the applications of this project is to be able to tune the electronic and optical properties of semiconductors by varying the stacking pattern of many TMD layers. This will allow desirable band gaps to be achieved for transistors and sensors. Stacking two layers is the first step in understanding how effective this novel approach for development of synthetic superlattices can be.

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  Mission of Mary Cooperative's Net-Zero Initiative

  Salahaldin Alshatshati, Jaime Howard, Nathan Mansour

  Mission of Mary Cooperative is the first net-zero energy organization in Dayton, Ohio. Over the past two years, students from the ETHOS Center have helped to improve the energy efficiency of the building through structural and behavioral changes. Mission of Mary Cooperative looks to inspire and educate the community on the importance of energy behavior, efficiency improvement, and sustainable development.

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  Modeling and Validation of Pilot-Aircraft Cybernetic Systems

  Benjamin Moidel

  A notable example of adverse dynamic coupling within modern cybernetic systems is spatial disorientation of pilots in flight. In this presentation we propose a preliminary methodology for developing and validating pilot-aircraft models to predict adverse coupling modes present in the interactions between human and machine. The realism of a Cessna 152 model within the University of Dayton’s Merlin 521 Flight Simulator was validated through both pilot feedback using the Cooper-Harper handling rating scale and comparisons of real in-flight dynamic responses to the response data output by the simulator.This simulator has the unique capability that any aircraft can be modeled and simulated through an easy-to-use user interface. Its capsule provides an immersive experience for users, delivering realistic physics and 6 DOF motion within a typical cockpit layout. Time-varying data can be extracted post-simulation, including ambient environmental conditions, control inputs, and dynamic responses. To validate the model, simulator data was compared to accelerometer and GPS data collected in-flight from a Cessna 152.In the near future, following an Institutional Review Board approved protocol, a group of 5-10 pilots with extensive experience will be asked to fly the Cessna 152 model, both with and without capsule motion. The pilots’ experience qualifies them to provide reliable feedback on the handling characteristics of the model using the Cooper-Harper handling rating scale. Tasks such as a coordinated turn and a constant-speed climb will be used to assign handling ratings to the model. The responses will be compared to the pilots’ initial handling rating of the real Cessna 152 based on their experience. Pilot ratings will be supplemented with additional feedback on the apparent realism of the model. Overall validation of the model will require both the flight data output and pilot feedback for the model to align with that of the real aircraft.

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  Motion Assessments in Virtual Reality Environments

  Lanna Klausing

  Traditional upper extremity rehabilitation techniques are often tedious and repetitive. Recent improvements to Virtual Reality games have allowed for increased customizability and show potential in the area of rehabilitation, creating a more integrative and exciting rehabilitation environment. The purpose of this thesis is to use Virtual Reality (VR) and motion capture to quantify different movement deficits that may arise due to MS, and to understand how the reaching motions of patients with MS may differ from healthy controls. Reaching motions are one of the motions commonly used in upper extremity rehabilitation measures, and through the study of reaching motions this research will have a long-term purpose of determining whether virtual reality can be used as an effective upper extremity rehabilitation tool. During data collection participants will wear a motion capture suit and a VR headset that displays movement targets. Participants will perform 3 levels focused on motions involving single arm movements and dual arm movements, in which they will be asked to perform reaching motions to hit the movement targets. The motion data collected from participants’ motion capture suits will then be analyzed and compared between MS and control groups.

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  Multi-modal Data Analysis and Fusion for Robust Object Detection in 2D/3D Sensing

  Jonathan Schierl

  Even with current testing and evaluations in state-of-the-art deep learning, there is a lack of comparison between different modalities in object detection. To improve this, we created an in-house dataset directly for the comparison of 2D infrared captures and 3D LiDAR point clouds. The sensors used to capture this dataset were placed next to each other to retain a similar point of view and resolution. Individually, these modalities were evaluated using state-of-the-art deep learning architectures. For 2D Infrared, a neighborhood-based image enhancement algorithm called Retinex was used to improve the contrast of the images. These enhanced images were then processed using the Mask R-CNN architecture. For 3D point clouds, PointNet++ was used for feature extraction and classification. The detection accuracy and overall performance were compared between these modalities. Generally, the 3D approach performed better, with higher rates of detection and better accuracy. In comparing these architectures, we learned about the pros and cons of each modality. To further increase the accuracy of detection, we propose a fusion network that incorporates the strengths of both modalities and processes them in one architecture. This network would extract features in 2D using Mask R-CNN and in 3D using KPConv. These feature spaces would be combined and sent through the region proposal network and rest of the Mask R-CNN architecture for a higher detection accuracy.

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  Multi-modal Data Analysis and Fusion for Robust Object Detection in 2D/3D Sensing

  Quinn Graehling, Jonathan Schierl

  Multi-modal data is useful for complex imaging scenarios due to the exclusivity of information found in each modality, but there is a lack of meaningful comparisons of different modalities for object detection. In our work, we propose three contributions: (1) Release of a multi-modal ground-based small object detection dataset, (2) A performance comparison of 2D and 3D modalities using state-of-the-art algorithms on data captured in the same environment, and (3) a multi-modal fusion framework for 2D/3D sensing. The new dataset encompasses various small objects for detection in EO, IR, and LiDAR modalities. The labeled data has comparable resolutions across each modality for better performance analysis. The modality comparison conducted in this work uses advanced deep learning algorithms, such as Mask R-CNN for 2D imaging and PointNet++ for 3D imaging. The comparisons are conducted with similar parameter sizes and the results are analyzed for specific instances where each modality performed the best. To complement the effectiveness of different data modalities, we developed a fusion strategy to combine the region proposals of one modality with the classification strength of a different modality for accurate detection and region segmentation. We investigated the functionality of the You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm, which computes partitioned image classification and region proposals in parallel for detection. Our fusion strategy learns the optimum features of different modality combinations for appropriate candidate selection for classification. The effectiveness of the proposed fusion method is being evaluated on the multi-modal dataset for object detection and segmentation and we observe superior performance when compared to single-modality algorithms.

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  Multi Structural Tunable Filters Using Optical Phase Change Material (O-PCM) for the Visible and IR Region

  Remona Heenkenda

  Phase change materials provide an ideal platform in designing optical switches and tunable optical components. This is due to the large reversible refractive index changes induced in phase change materials. In this work, we design and develop a tunable optical thin film filter for visible and infrared (IR) regions using optical phase change materials. In our prior work, we examined Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) phase change material, which undergoes an amorphous to crystalline phase change. Ge2Sb2Se4Te1(GSST) is a newer phase change material that undergoes a similar phase transition around ~300 C, and it is more suitable for operation in the IR region. It has low optical loss compared to Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) in both crystalline and amorphous states. Therefore, for many applications, GSST can be used over GST to achieve better performance. Based on the studies we have conducted so far, it was evident that using GSST, designing a tunable filter that equally performs in both crystalline and amorphous states, could be challenging. Therefore, other phase change materials (GeSe, GeTe, Ge3Te7 and Sb2Te3) need to be studied for application in tunable filter design. Findings of the detailed analysis of above-mentioned phase change materials for achieving the proposed objective will be discussed. This information will greatly contribute in expanding the scope of our research since there are numerous applications for these optically active materials.

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  New Insights into Hierarchical Structures in Polymer Nanocomposites: A Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) Simulation Study

  Ashish Gogia

  Polymeric systems such as natural rubber used in car and truck tires require the addition of suitable additives for the enhancement of numerous properties, including reinforcement and durability. The behavior of such fillers, (carbon black, silica, and metal oxides and some combination thereof), and their influence on nanocomposite effectiveness, depends on the filler structure, the interaction between filler-polymer matrix as well as the processing history. To understand this problem, we perform Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) simulation of these blends, varying polymer-polymer, filler-filler, and polymer-filler interaction energy. We will discuss the effects of interaction strength, the scaling of polymer chains, and methods to quantify the filler percolation threshold and mesh size as a function of filler concentration. In addition, the simulation results are also validated experimentally through small-angle x-ray scattering data to provide insight and understanding of how these complex structures develop in these multicomponent systems.

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  Novel Intelligent Control System for Combating Ventilator Induced Lung Injury

  Jason Andrew Cahill

  Mechanical ventilation, as a resource for critical care, is a balancing act. Every day physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists rely on this life saving intervention to support patients who are too weak or ill to breathe on their own. Unfortunately, structural and physiological damage can easily occur as a result of aggressive or long-term ventilator use. Because of the cardiopulmonary system’s tremendous complexity as well as the innate variability in parameters due to disease, individuality, and time, most ventilators require continual adjustment to avoid these side effects, essentially making the physician the controller. This project proposes a radical step forwardin design, a three-part control method that will bring the patient into the loop in an unprecedented way. First, a nonlinear controller utilizing a generic model of the cardiopulmonary system. Second, a neural network-based adaptive controller capable of reducing the immediate deviation between the first controller and the real patient. Finally, an intelligent system identification algorithm that optimizes the parameters of the first controller in real-time, thereby further reducing error associated with long term variations. At each step the controller will be analyzed, developed, and tested via simulation, with the final product signifying a leap forward in respiratory care.

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  Optimization of Solar Array Positioning Actuators for Small Satellites

  Mohamed Ali Alsadig Mohamed

  The goal of this research is to evaluate the benefit of actuating solar arrays for small satellites. CubeSats are small satellites that are built to standard dimensions (Units or “U”) of 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm. They can be 1U, 2U, 3U, or 6U in size, and weigh less than 1.33 kg (3 lbs) per U. Since their introduction in 1999 by California Polytechnic State University and Stanford University engineers, more than 1100 have been deployed into orbit. CubeSats rely solely on a solar array to generate energy from the sun. The size and weight limitations place constraints on solar panels' size and thus the available power budget and stored energy reserves, which decrease the CubeSat functions. The CubeSats capabilities could be greatly enhanced by increasing the available on-board power. This research determined the energy capturing capability from various solar panel configurations and positioning. Optimal angles of one and two degree-of-freedom positioning. Each configuration of solar cell is simulated for a CubeSats satellite in geo-synchronous and sun-synchronous orbits. In addition, this research will create design models of these various mechanisms configurations by using Sarrus linkage mechanism that elevates the solar cell away from the body of satellite to make sure that these configurations are suitable for the size and weight of the CubeSat.

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  Overall Semi-Empirical Rate-Law Formulation for the Performance Evaluation of a Lithium-Based Cell or Battery

  Shane Kosir

  Professor Sarwan S. Sandhu and his graduate chemical engineering students at the University of Dayton have actively participated in the theoretical modeling and experimental activities to investigate and develop new lithium-based cells and batteries since 2013 in collaboration with a team of engineers and scientists led by Dr. Joseph P. Fellner of the Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Here, we present the very recent developed formulation intended for the performance evaluation of lithium-based cells and batteries.

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  Photon Effect Observed in Nano-Rectenna for Optical Frequencies

  Shuo Sun

  The purpose of the research is to explore novel nanostructure configurations such as metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures for broadband and ultrafast response photodetectors and high efficiency energy harvesters.