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  Spontaneous Pneumothorax

  Angela M. Sibilia

  Pneumothorax is a condition where air escapes from the lungs and it collapses. Air accumulates between the lungs and the chest cavity causing partial or full collapse of the lung. These rare occurrences can be caused by a traumatic incident, or can be spontaneous and often result from a ruptured bleb (small air sac). This disease is most common in tall, thin teen-aged males and is increasingly likely to occur with smoking as well as asthma, T.B., C.F., whooping cough, and COPD. Working with a pediatric surgeon at Akron Children's Hospital, I reviewed patients' charts to study past cases of this disease. The purpose of my studies are to find the best method to treat patients. I compared the results of different treatments including: inserting a chest tube, open thoracotomy, or a video assisted thoracoscopy. Often a blebectomy was needed as well as chemical or mechanical pleurodesis methods. The mystery is why and when this is happening. Are blebs usually present and can be detected? Mainly, what is the best way to prevent re-occurrences?

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  Studying the Evolution of Beta 2 Tubulin in Dipterans

  William J. Scharpf

  220 MYA mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiae) and D. melanogaster shared a common ancestor that had the Beta 2 tubulin gene in its genome. From that time to present, the Beta 2 gene has evolved to its present form in D. melanogaster and A. gambiae. We know the sequence for Beta 2 in D. melanogaster and in mosquitoes, they differ at 40 codons. We are attempting to construct a phylogenetic tree that shows where genetic changes occurred in its evolutionary history since mosquitoes and flies shared a common ancestor. This is done by combining different sets of 3' and 5' primers constructed from the Anopheles gambiae and D. melanogaster B2 sequences in PCR, and using PCR to clone Beta 2 in fly species closely related to D. melanogaster:. Anastrapha suspense (80MYA from melanogaster), Musca domestica (110MYA ), and Chrysops spp. (130MYA). We construct this tree by plotting changes in the B2 sequence on a fly phlogeny. With a complete tree, we can better understand the nature of amino acid changes that allowed Beta 2 to evolve while maintaining its function. We can then express the B2 gene from these species in Drosophila, to determine if they support its spermtail.

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  Take Back the Tap: UD River Steward Cohort Senior Project

  Ellen L. Comes, Nicole L. Goettemoeller, Sabine Hahn, Kaitlin A. Kenny, Andrew R. Kowalski, Taylor D. Pair, Jill M. Pajka, Milena L. Pisani, Amy L. Price, Lindsay C. Rynne, Aaron V. Sprague, Emily K. Striebich, Tara E. Sulzer, Ryan J. Tuohy, Elizabeth C. Wetzel

  Every fall college students arrive on campus with preconceptions about tap water, bringing cases of bottled water onto our campus. Bottled water has been found to be unsustainable as well as harmful to the environment, communities, and human health. The City of Dayton has very high quality drinking water in abundance, a fact which makes bottled water on our campus an unnecessary luxury. Each year the River Stewards, a co-curricular program which is housed in the Fitz Center for Leadership in Community, participate in a senior project that benefits the community in some way. This year, the 2013 River Stewards Cohort worked with the City of Dayton and NSO to help tackle the issue of bottled water on campus. The Stewards helped coordinate a water bottle free Fall 2012 orientation and educate incoming students about the quality of Dayton's tap water. This included collaborating with the City of Dayton to design, purchase, and give away special "Take Back the Tap" reusable water bottles to the incoming freshmen, as well as providing a water truck for students on campus to fill up their new water bottles. In addition, the senior cohort is currently partnering with Art Street in order to add a filling station on campus that will simultaneously educate about and provide access to tap water. The 2013 Cohort's Senior Project gave the Stewards the opportunity to apply the knowledge and leadership skills that they have acquired from three years in the River Steward Program.

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  Teaching Methods, Strategies, and Procedures for English Language Learners in Early Childhood Education

  Ashley E. Stoetzel

  Immigration into the United States has led to English Language Learners (ELLs) being represented in PreK-12 classrooms across the US. Students with a first language other than English are required to be proficient in English in order to gain knowledge in the classroom, communicate effectively with teachers and peers, and participate in standardized assessments which are state and nationally mandated for school-age students. Unfortunately, much of the research on effective strategies for this population focuses on older aged ELLs. This study documents strategies that the current research has deemed effective and appropriate for working with ELLs in a preschool setting. This research was then compared with current strategies reported in a survey of local early childhood educators who work with ELLs in their classrooms. The researcher documented trends in the survey data and offered suggestions for strategies and further research.

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  Temporal Analysis of Behavior of Male and Female Lucilia sericata Blow Flies Using Videography

  Allissa M. Blystone, Brian W. Skura, Casey T. Walk

  Lucilia sericata, the green bottle fly, is a forensically important insect species used in determination of the post-mortem interval (PMI) for deceased individuals. Anecdotal evidence indicates that females and males may utilize the decaying organic material differently. Reports suggest that females utilize the organic material as a food and egg-laying resource while males are present on the periphery of the site rather than on the organic material. In the present study we hypothesize that L. sericata males and females behave differently with respect to organic material resource utilization. Protein (organic material) is a required dietary component for female flies for completion of sexual development, vitellogenesis, and the production of sex pheromones while a dietary protein requirement for males has not been elucidated. Flies were maintained in mixed colonies (both males and females present) and colonies were monitored over 24 hour cycles using a Sony Handycam video recorder with night-vision capabilities. Preliminary data reveal that L. sericata, regardless of sex, are inactive during the dark (night) cycle. Females visited the protein source more frequently than males during the light (day) cycle. These results suggest that L. sericata exhibits sexually dimorphic behavior during the daylight hours with respect to protein utilization.

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  The Development, Formulation and Stability of Suds and Antifoam for Heavy Duty Liquid Laundry Detergents

  Erin J. Roark

  The use of heavy duty liquid laundry detergent (HDL) is widespread among the world, seen by the 35 billion loads of laundry Americans perform each year (Shehan). The integration of softness, brightness, freshness, cleanliness, etc. into clean clothes must take in a number of factors. The concentration of this paper is the aspect of suds and foam due to the mechanical action of the surfactants in liquid laundry detergent. While suds can be an indication of the chemicals at work, it also interferes with the performance of the washing machine. Too many suds lead to more water consumption, longer cycles and more energy use. As companies pursue more eco-friendly ways of manufacturing products, the control of suds is one way to contribute. This literature review will look at the background of foam and foam suppressors, silicone and MQ resins through scholarly articles and patents. Along the way, there will be an exploration of various ways to quantitatively measure foam data, properties and chemical compounds that are best for suds suppression.

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  The Development of a Spring Powered Starter for a Motorcycle

  Patrick M. Joyce

  In agreement with recent efforts to develop more efficient vehicles that will have less detrimental effect on the environment, research is being conducted to explore storing energy in different forms. Almost all vehicles use a chemical battery to provide energy to a motor to start its engine. Chemical batteries have inherent adverse effects on the environment, specifically biodegradation. In the case of large trucks, the batteries and starter system is quite heavy, reducing fuel economy. This project focuses on using material elasticity for storing energy. Specifically, the research involves the development of a spring starter system that will be lighter and more environmentally friendly than its chemical counterparts. This project centers on the design of a prototype concept for a spring starter system on a motorcycle.

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  The Effect of Context Upon the Perception of Egocentric and Exocentric Distances Using a Walkable Human Muller-Lyer Illusion

  Adam Barnas, Ellen J. Hart, Natalya N. Lynn, Lauren M. Pytel

  The Muller-Lyer illusion is a geometric illusion in which lines of the same length are perceived to be different because of forms (e.g. 'fins') at the ends. This influence of context upon the perception of length is well-established for 2-D illusions but has also been demonstrated in larger-scale, three-dimensional spatial tasks (Wraga, Creem and Proffitt, 2000). Across three experiments, we utilized a walkable variation of the Muller-Lyer illusion to further examine the effect of context upon the perception of egocentric and exocentric distances. Whereas the traditional Muller-Lyer illusion utilizes shapes to manipulate the context of the line, we employed human forms to manipulate context (i.e., facing direction of human targets). We predicted that the facing direction of the human target would influence magnitude estimates of target distance, similar to the way the placement of geometric forms at the ends of lines influence judgments of line length. However, we also predicted that action-based indicators of perceived distance (e.g. walking to the previously-viewed target person without vision) would not be influenced by the contextual information provided by the human target's facing direction. In Experiments 1 and 2, which are replications and extensions of previous research, participants viewed one human target that was facing toward or away and then, without vision, walked a distance that matched the perceived distance to the target person. Results from these experiments suggest that action-based indicators of perceived distance are immune to contextual influences of human target facing direction. In Experiment 3, participants will view two human targets that are either facing toward or away from each other, and will verbally estimate the distance between the two human targets in conjunction to walking the perceived distance between the target persons. The results from these experiments will speak to the role of contextual information in spatial perception.

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  The Effect of Graphic Quality in Virtual Environments on the Perception of Egocentric and Exocentric Distances

  Adam Barnas, Kar Yen Chai, Ryan P. Robie

  Virtual realities (VRs), also known as virtual environments, have been used to simulate physical presence in real environments (i.e., simulations for pilot training) as well as imaginary places (i.e., videogames). Mostly constructed as visual experiences, innovations in VR technologies now include additional sensory information, such as sound and touch, and have allowed for collaborations across diverse fields, including skills training, ergonomics, therapeutic programs, perception and cognitive psychology. Virtual realities in a therapeutic role have been applied to numerous forms of exposure therapy to address phobias such as claustrophobia, agoraphobia, and acrophobia (fear of heights), as well as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety disorders. Virtual reality methodology has also been used in physical therapy, occupational therapy, and physical rehabilitation. Moreover, research has been comprehensive in addressing the participant's perceptual reaction to the VR environment and has addressed the effect of the quality of the graphics of the VR environment on judging spatial egocentric distances (i.e., distances between the participant's virtual self and objects in the VR environment) and exocentric distances (i.e., distances between various objects in the VR environment). For example, participants in head-mounted-display-(HMD-)based immersive VR environments consistently underestimated egocentric distances walked to previously viewed targets in both low- and high-quality VR environments compared to estimates done in real-world environments. Interestingly, participants were more accurate in verbally reporting the distances in high-quality VR environments (Kunz et al., 2009). This dissociation between magnitude estimates of target distance and action-based indicators of perceived distance (i.e., walking to previously-viewed objects) will be further explored in the present research by using other kinds of distance estimates and judgments of egocentric distances, as well as exocentric distances. This research has implications in the use of distance perception strategies in the context of VR environments.

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  The Effect of the Inserted Sequence in the Helicase Domain of the Deinococcus radiodurans PriA Protein

  Kelsey P. Mayrand

  PriA, a replication restart protein found in bacteria, is highly conserved in almost all prokaryotes. However, it contains extra amino acid sequences in the microbe Deinococcus radiodurans. Since D. radiodurans is extremely resistant to ionizing radiation, these insertions could play a role in conferring resistance by improving the microbe's ability to continue replication after DNA is damaged. The project investigated the effects of the fifty-six amino acid insertion in the helicase domain of the PriA protein in D. radiodurans. To do this, a version of the PriA gene lacking the inserted element was cloned. The recombinant and wild type PriA proteins were over-expressed in E. coli and purified. Helicase assays were performed to compare the functions of the forms of the protein. It was hypothesized that the inserted element would enhance the helicase activity of the protein. However, helicase assays showed that the mutant unwound DNA more efficiently. This means that the inserted element inhibits the helicase activity of PriA.

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  The Glass Walls Project: Visualizing Laboratories to Facilitate Collaboration

  William J. Sember

  The Glass Walls Project is a computer-based, 3D visualization of laboratories. It allows researchers to create basic 3D visualizations of their labs--including media content such as pictures--to communicate the labs' equipment and current projects. This demonstration is a prototype; the full project would include web-hosting for easy data transfer.

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  The Graying and the Disgruntled: A Needs Assessment of Associate Professors

  Grace L. Pregent

  Recent national surveys of associate professors (Modern Language Association, 2009; Jaschik, 2012) present a bleak picture: associate professors receive little support from institutions. Without this support, they frequently lose focus, motivation, and experience professorial burnout or melancholia (Baldwin, 1990; Schwab, 1983; Karpiak, 1996). The first part of this study reframed the definition of faculty development, reviewed the related literature, and investigated three themes: the portrait of the associate professor, the results of national surveys, and recent institutional programming efforts for these professors. Through an online qualitative survey, the second part focused on the collection and analysis of data regarding the needs of associate professors at the University of Dayton. Ultimately, this study sought to assess the climate for associate professors and to propose strategic initiatives for institutional administration to support these professors, encourage their self-authorship, and engage them as vital faculty.

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  The Impact of Advisors on Student Organizations

  Molly R. Robinson

  The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of student organization advisors on organizational success, based on the expectations set by the Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education (2012). This study looked for differences in the perception of an advisor's involvement from the perspective of advisors and student organization presidents. The study also looked to see if there was a correlation between advisor involvement and student organization president's perception of organizational success. Participants of this study were asked to rate, using a lickert scale, the involvement of the advisor and how successful the student organization performed specific tasks. Due to the dearth of research on this particular topic, the study findings open doors for further research with larger sample sizes for more generalizable results. Results of this study may interest student organization leaders, advisors, and higher education professionals looking to increase organizational success.

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  The Impact of Social Awareness, Empathy, and Confidence on Blindness to Change in Facial Emotions

  Adam Barnas, Joseph R. Pauszek, Jeremy T. Schwob

  This study investigates the phenomenon known as change blindness, or the inability of an observer to detect changes in stimuli, such as variations in facial indications of emotion. Previous studies have shown that gradual changes of facial emotion produce substantive levels of change blindness when observers are instructed to report the changes verbally (David et al., 2006). However, measures of ocular gaze (i.e., visual scan paths, fixation times, and pupil dilations) assessed by eye-tracking equipment, reveal that more attention is focused on features of a face that are thought to be more indicative of a change in emotion (e.g., eyes) than on static non-facial stimuli (Davies & Hoffman, 2003). It has also been noted that observers express high levels of confidence in their ability and accuracy in detecting a change in a stimulus if it were to take place even though they consistently fail to detect changes (Blackmore et al., 1995). The proposed research will utilize videos showing changes in facial emotion and questionnaires to gauge social awareness (cognizance of what is needed by others in a social situation) and empathy (sensitivity to the emotion of others). Based partly on extant results, there are three hypotheses. First, gradual changes in the facial emotion of an actor in a video will attract more gaze and fixation time, as measured by eye-tracking equipment, and be detected more frequently than gradual changes in a neutral stimulus (e.g., changing the color of a shirt). Second, changes in facial emotion will be detected more often by observers who have greater social awareness and empathy. Third, observers who are unable to detect changes in facial emotions will express, a priori, more overconfidence in their ability to do so compared to observers who are able to detect changes in facial emotions.

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  The Influence of High Solids Loading Concentration and Scaling-up Operation in Coal Slurry Just-Suspended Agitation by High-Efficiency Impellers

  Hong Liu

  The just-suspended condition is often regarded as the optimum criterion for liquid-solid agitation in chemical industries for processes such as crystallizing and dissolution. Literarily it is defined as the minimum speed that all particles are in motion and no particle remains on the vessel base for more than 1 to 2 seconds. Compared to uniform suspension in which the solids are dispersed throughout the liquid phase, just-suspended agitation reduces power consumption and equipment investment while exposing the entire solid surface to surrounding liquid. In this research, the characteristics of coal powders just suspended in water prior to transportation in pipelines were studied. Zwietering developed a correlation for just-suspended speed that indicated that it was affected by various parameters, such as solid and liquid properties and impeller characteristics, with each effect being presumed to be independent. However, this correlation was developed based on limited data such as low solid loading. In the current study, the solids loading exponent reflecting the effect of high solids concentration on just suspended speed is contrasted with Zwieterings' correlation. Also, effort was devoted to exploring the influence of scale-up in coal slurry just-suspended agitation. Additionally, the unsuspended solids fraction at stirrer speeds below just-suspended speed was studied. The solids loading exponents of this study were higher than those found by Zwietering, and the higher the solids loading, the higher the exponent. The scale-up exponent that describes the effect of scale on the just-suspended speed was found to depend on solids loading, with the scale-up exponent increasing with increasing solids loading. It was found that the suspended solids fraction did not fall below 98% until the stirrer speed was decreased to 70% of the just-suspended speed. Specifically, reduction of the speed by 30% reduces power requirements by 65% while keeping 98% of the solids in suspension.

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  The Influence of Personal Height and Eye Level on the Perception of Object Dimensions and Affordance Judgments

  Adam Barnas, Kevin Longacre

  The embodied cognition approach to perception suggests that spatial perception involves the integration of visual cues and body-based cues when perceiving capabilities for action, or affordances, in extrapersonal space. For example, behavioral studies suggest that altering the affordances of the observer (e.g., by giving the participant a tool to extend reach) alters the perceived body size (peripersonal space) and perceived dimensions of the environment (extrapersonal space), such as the perceived distance to a target (Reed & Farah, 1995). Eye height is also likely to play a role in judging object dimensions, the perception of affordances, and other action capabilities (Warren & Whang, 1987). Studies recording participants' performances walking under a series of obstacles show that people require a larger margin of safety when wearing an apparatus on their head or feet that increases their physical height because of the unfamiliarity of the adopted body dimensions. Across three experiments, we will utilize several measures to examine the effect of body height and eye height on perceived object height and perceived passability through a vertical aperture in extrapersonal space. To this end, we hypothesize that body height and eye level manipulations will ultimately alter the perception of the observer's environment, such as reporting smaller object sizes and more difficult passability. All three experiments require participants to match the height of several vertical apertures and report whether they could walk through the apertures without ducking or touching the top. Experiment 1 will serve as a control since body height and eye level will not be manipulated. Experiment 2 will manipulate body height by using rods of varying lengths and Experiment 3 will manipulate eye level by having participants stand on platforms of varying heights. These studies will demonstrate the importance of body dimensions in perceiving external space and affordances with vertical apertures.

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  The influence of self-esteem level on interpretation of ambiguous stimuli after a rejection experience

  Nicholette T. Smith

  How do rejection experiences influence the interpretation of messages in people with high self-esteem versus people with low self-esteem? The present study examined the relationship between self-esteem, rejection experiences, and whether self-esteem levels buffer against lasting mental anguish caused by rejection. It was hypothesized that people with low self-esteem who have experienced a rejection experience will interpret an ambiguous message more negatively and will be more likely to interpret the message as threatening, whereas people with high self-esteem who have experienced a rejection experience will interpret an ambiguous message more positively and will be less likely to interpret the message as threatening. First, participants completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (Downey & Feldman, 1996), and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Terry, 1988) to provide baseline measures. Next, each participant was randomly assigned to one of three tasks: writing about a past experience of rejection (rejection condition), writing about a past experience of acceptance (acceptance condition), or ordering a list of social topics by their preference to write about each one (control condition). Finally, participants read emotionally positive, negative, and neutral/ambiguous emails, ostensibly written by another person, and evaluated whether they perceived the text to be emotionally positive or negative, as well as their perceptions of the writer. These emails were written to imply that the sender and recipient had gone out to dinner together and the sender responded in each email differently. Results from data analysis are forthcoming. It is important to find connections between variables like self-esteem and rejection sensitivity and determine under which circumstances people carry rejection experiences into other aspects of life to predict subsequent influence of rejection.

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  The Jury's Still Out: Cognitive Development of First-Year Law Students

  Robert O'Hara

  Since the work of Erikson, researchers have striven to compile data and literature on the stages and patterns of college students' abilities to think, behave, relate, and learn (Chickering & Reisser, 1993). This study posed the question, if law students are stunted or hindered in their development, can they truly be good at what they do? The purpose of this study was to provide insights and data to the cognitive development and meaning making ability of first year law students. Designed from Baxter Magolda's (1992, 1999, and 2001) longitudinal research on college student epistemological growth, the research looked at the effect law school Socratic pedagogy had on first year law students (1Ls) ability to construct meaning from the material studied in the classroom. Law by its very nature is contextual, however, Socratic pedagogy can force students into what Baxter Magolda (1992) calls, absolute knowing, the stage of knowing where students accept the facts from the professor as the absolute truth. The results will provide law school faculty with evidence on how pedagogy affects students. Furthermore, it will provide the literature of student development theory with a more in-depth view of how students develop, at least in terms of cognitive growth. Information collected throughout the study will also help law schools determine if a single strict pedagogy is appropriate for lawyers in this century. Having a better understanding of how students think and how they come to understand knowledge is valuable information that may inform educational planning.

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  The Kou Jump-Diffusion Model for Option Pricing

  Gracie Fasano, Sophia S. Munyemana

  The Black-Scholes based model has been a useful tool for option pricing in the stock market. Yet there are two phenomena the leptokurtic feature and the implied volatility curve which naturally occur in asset pricing. The model proposed by S. G. Kou not only offers an explanation of the leptokurtic feature and the volatility smile, but also leads to analytical solutions to many option pricing problems such as European call and put options. Our research focuses mainly on the analytical solution of the Kou model in MATlab for the European option using what Kou defines as the Hh function. This function can be viewed as a generalization of the cumulative normal distribution function. More precisely the left tail of the Hh function has a polynomial growth rate, and the right tail has an exponential decay. We also evaluate the integral Kou defines as I_n which is important in option pricing to determine the arbitrary constants alpha, lambda and beta. For our research, we determine these constants in a MATlab code and then use them in Kou's Upsilon function to determine the value of the European option.

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  The Micro-Ecology of Plant Invasion: Assessing Impacts of the Invasive Exotic Shrub Lonicera maackii on the Ecology of Soil Microbial Communities

  Kara J. Dickey

  Invasive exotic species are a significant threat to ecosystems across the globe and pose a monumental challenge for resource managers. The mechanisms by which these species impact ecosystems are imperfectly understood and science is still without a unified theory to explain how these species usurp habitat space, displacing natives. Invasive species dominance may be partially explained by escape from pathogens that suppress native plants, or disruption of native mutualisms. A relatively unstudied aspect is the relationship between invasive species and microorganisms inhabiting soil. Lonicera maackii is a model invasive species that impacts forests in the Miami Valley of southwestern Ohio. In this study we will focus specifically on colonization of roots by the microbial community and potential feedbacks to plant growth. The microbial community on L. maackii roots will be compared to that of native species using a metabolic profiling technique.

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  The Origin and Possible Role Of L-dopa Containing Proteins in Biomineralization Processes

  Wesley D. Tidball

  Marine organisms such as Mytilus edulis L (the blue mussel), Crassostrea virginica (the eastern oyster), and Mercenaria mercenaria (the hard shell clam) produce structural proteins and peptides that are critical in adhesive strategies as well as the formation of new shell. The unique properties of these proteins and peptides are induced by their specific amino acid composition. One unique catecholic amino acid is of utmost importance: L 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa), which has been implicated in the enzymatically catalyzed sclerotization (or cross-linking) of these proteins that can form moisture-resistant adhesive bonds to a variety of substrates, or the formation of an insoluble organic matrix that plays a vital role in biomineralization and shell formation. The exact origin and role of L-dopa found in these structural proteins is still a source of debate within the biomineralization community. Therefore, the focus of this research was to determine the origin and possible role of L-dopa containing proteins involved in the process of biomineralization and the formation of new shell in the three bivalve mollusks previously mentioned. Studies were performed to determine the origin and relative abundance of L-dopa throughout the process of shell growth and regeneration by inducing a cellular response at the shell growth margin and harvesting serum contained within the adductor muscle. Induction of localized shell growth was achieved by notching the shell; the serum was collected from the adductor muscle closest to the notch at a regular time interval, beginning at time of induction. The serum was centrifuged and hemocytes were harvested and rinsed in filtered sea water; the resulting serum supernatant, hemocytes and rinses were analyzed for amino acid composition. Freshly regenerated shell was also harvested from the shell notch and analyzed. All amino acid analysis has been done using liquid chromatography. Preliminary results indicate that L-dopa is produced within the hemocytes of these three organisms.

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  The Role of Safety and Risk in the Returns to Stocks in Volatile Markets

  Hayley J. Douglas, Mark F. Kocoloski

  The period 2008-2012 in the stock market has been characterized as highly volatile. During the period, it was not uncommon to see the Dow Jones Index up or down 200 points in one dat. One would expect, therefore that risk adverse investors would be using a flight to safety investment strategy. If this is indeed the case, we should expect stocks with lower debt to equity, higher dividends, and dividend yields to outperform. To test this hypothesis we select the 10 worst performing industry groups and the 10 best performing industry groups in 2012 and compare their average and median metrics for debt to equity, dividend levels and dividend yields. We would expect the top performing industry groups to have lower debt to equity ratios, and higher levels of dividends and dividend yields.

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  The Role of Visual and Proprioceptive Limb Information in Affordance Judgments and Action Capabilities

  Adam Barnas, Jessica L. James, Lindsey C. Meter, Jeremy T. Schwob

  In the mirror illusion, visual information from a mirror reflection of one hand influences the perceived location of the other hand. Holmes, Crozier, and Spence (2004) demonstrated this visual capture effect on a spatial localization task in which visual information was found to influence reaching movements toward a target when the seen (in the mirror) and felt (proprioception) position of the hand did not match. Furthermore, past results suggest that visual information about hand position overrides the proprioceptive information when the hands were used to indicate perceived object length. The conflict between vision and proprioceptive information of limb location was further examined in three experiments by means of a task in which participants adjusted the physical distance of their unseen hand in the horizontal plane and sagittal plane during judgments of affordance. In each trial, participants viewed their visible hand and its reflection in a mirror, while their unseen hand was positioned at several positions located behind the mirror. At all times, the visible hand was positioned fifteen centimeters in front of the mirror, and as such, the unseen hand always appeared to be thirty centimeters from the visible hand regardless of its actual position. While viewing their visible hand and its reflection, participants performed simultaneous finger movements with both hands to maximize the visual capture illusion. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants then viewed a series of tubes of varying lengths presented in ascending and descending order and called out the point at which they were no longer able to catch the tube given the current distance between their hands, whether felt or seen. In Experiment 3, participants viewed an object presented at different locations in the sagittal plane and repositioned their unseen hand such that it was underneath the object. Future experiments should examine other action capabilities.

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  The State of Digital Production within International Educational Publishing: Obstacles, Innovations, and Possible Solutions

  Kristina L. Demichele

  E-books are becoming increasingly popular in the United States with the constant creation of new technologies and innovative business plans. However, very little research has been done on how the international publishing sector is dealing with the transition to digital production. My honors thesis is a case study of Sonrisa Publishing, a bilingual educational publisher in Madrid, Spain. Specifically, I observed and interviewed publishing profession- als during my editorial internship about how they are handling the transition to electronic publishing. My thesis identifies five categories of obstacles that Sonrisa Publishing faces in the transition to digital production: systemic, technical, personnel, cultural, and financial obstacles. From the investigation of these obstacles I have developed strategies for how Sonrisa Publishing should move forward with their digital strategy.

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  The Themes of Catholic Social Teaching integrated into the work of UD's Center for Catholic Education's (CCE) Urban Child Development Resource Center (UCDRC)

  Julie A. Iuliano

  The learning needs of students in classrooms are impacted by more than their academic needs. There are the non-academic barriers to learning that educators must be sensitive to in working with students. The Center for Catholic Education's Urban Child Development Resource Center (UCDRC), works in five local schools in the Dayton area, striving to help students cope with these social and emotional barriers to learning. This study examines the data from the impact of the UCDRC's programs and connects it to three of the seven Themes of Catholic Social Teaching, as stated by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. These seven themes include: Call to Family, Community, and Participation; Option for the Poor and Vulnerable; and Care for God's Creation.