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Abstract

Emma Goldman arrived in the United States in 1855 — the same year as the Statue of Liberty. Thirty-four years later, on December 21, 1919, she was deported from the United States, never (with the exception of one three-month visit) to return. In the meantime, she caused more controversy than almost anyone else of her day, eliciting impassioned support and equally impassioned opposition. She came to personify — to some as hero, to some as demon — the cultural struggles of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Caught up eventually in the maelstrom of the Great War's 100% Americanism, Emma Goldman tested the boundaries of American freedom and in expanding them placed herself outside them.

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