Stander Symposium: College of Arts and Sciences

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  Strength of Faith and its Relationship to Universal Religious Behavior

  Yaralin Urena

  After searching the advances of religion and behavior there seems to be insufficient research that is inclusive of major worldwide religions when addressing discrepancies between belief and behavior. The main objective of this project is to investigate universal religious practices and how these underlie major world religions. Specifically, it seeks to study the relationship between individual’s identified religious beliefs including, strength of faith (i.e., high vs. low), religious motivation (i.e., intrinsic vs. extrinsic), and their perceived related behavior within ritualistic practices (i.e., high ritualistic involvement vs. low ritualistic involvement) and prosocial behavior (i.e., high altruism vs. low altruism).

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  Stress, Saliva, and Spirits: The Effects of Acute Psychosocial Stress on Alcohol Craving, Motivation to Consume Alcohol, and Physiological Correlates

  Olivia Dobiesz

  Stress has been identified as an important risk factor for the onset and maintenance of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Accordingly, the present study seeks to explore the link between stress and alcohol-related measures, specifically by analyzing how fluctuations in subjective and biological measures of stress affect craving and choice for alcohol.The present study utilizes a variation of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) to acutely induce stress in participants. Participants will be randomly assigned to complete either the TSST or a non-stress equivalent procedure which will serve as the control. Saliva samples will be collected in order to assess fluctuations in the stress biomarker alpha amylase in response to the TSST. Heart rate and heart rate variation will also be measured throughout the experimental session as an additional measure of the physiological stress response. Participants will be asked to fill out a series of questionnaires pertaining to perceived levels of stress, anxiety, and affect before and after completing the TSST. Upon completion of the TSST, participants will complete a series of alcohol-related questionnaires that measure: frequency of alcohol use, magnitude of alcohol craving, risk for developing AUD, anticipated effects of alcohol use, hypothetical alcohol choice behavior, occurrence of negative alcohol-related consequences, and level of engagement in non-drug related activities. We expect to see an increase in subjective and physiological markers of stress post-TSST, correlated with an increase in alcohol craving in those who are at-risk for developing AUD. The aforementioned measures will allow us to identify factors that may influence the decision to consume alcohol or engage in non-alcohol related activities. In turn, this would allow us to develop a more complete understanding of the relationship between stress and alcohol-related behaviors which may relate to the development of AUD.

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  Student Songwriter Concert

  Megan Knapke

  Guitar students of Jim McCutcheon present a concert of original material

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  Students’ Sense of Belonging on Campus: Balancing Family Dynamics and Academic Success

  Emma Viale

  This study explores the unique challenges college students face while balancing academic responsibilities with home obligations. It is a complex topic that extends beyond the research documenting the stress of work-life balance in adults. Specifically, it explores how students' individual experiences with family dynamics and home stressors influence their sense of belonging and academic success. Through a combination of existing literature and in-depth interviews, this research seeks to answer the following questions: How do family dynamics and external stressors shape students' sense of belonging and academic achievement? How do students navigate these challenges? Using in-depth qualitative interviews to investigate varying family obligations, household conflicts, and financial pressures, this study provides insights into how these factors contribute to students’ overall success and well-being in college.

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  SURF Cohort - Stable Isotope Analysis on Groundwater-Surface Water Dynamics Reveal Distinct Flow Paths in a Riparian Floodplain

  Lizbeth Ramos-Ortiz

  Groundwater-surface water dynamics relevant to nutrient fate and transport remain poorly understood regarding factors that influence the recharge and discharge rates of water as it travels between the surface and the ground. We therefore investigated temporal and spatial dynamics of water flow and quality on a plot of agricultural land which borders the Great Miami River in Trenton, Ohio. The site comprises alluvial sediments atop Ordovician shale bedrock, which are synonymous with a low permeability rates and longer groundwater residence times. While farmers rent the site for growing staple crops along the 113 acres of land, consistent rates of precipitation washing out the floodplain raise concerns over nitrogen loading to the aquifer and its surrounding environment. Thus, over a 24 week period, biweekly surface samples were collected along the Great Miami River, Elk Creek (a tributary that connects to the river up gradient to the site), and a man-made lake along the field site. To investigate water sources, collected samples are examined for hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope analysis. These samples are compared to local groundwater, drought index, as well as precipitation data to determine how surface-groundwater interactions and climate conditions interact in terrestrial environments and further inform decisions regarding crop management. Results indicate that extreme weather events, such as Hurricane Helene, disrupt normal surface-groundwater cycling and temporarily alter drought conditions.

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  Temperature Dependent Hall Measurement of MBE Ga2O3 Using Van Der Pauw Method

  Tom Jacob

  Gallium Oxide (Ga2O3) is an ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor which has significant applications in developing future power devices and electro-optics. Interest in Ga2O3 research increased upon the demonstrations of the first MESFET1 (Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) and MOSFET2 (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor). To enhance development of Gallium oxide technologies, an understanding of temperature dependent characteristics based on carrier transport measurements for MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy) films is necessary. In MBE growth, a major challenge is to attain controlled doping of the semiconductor material; temperature dependent Hall measurements characterize the electrical properties of a semiconductor, indicating the level of doping. Temperature dependent Hall measurements were performed on Gallium Oxide using the Van Der Pauw method by applying electric current on a Gallium Oxide sample and subjecting it to a magnetic field under various temperatures. Properties such as mobility, conductivity, and carrier concentration of Gallium Oxide were studied using LabVIEW and OriginPro, and the data was analyzed from 5K to room temperature. The resultant carrier concentration was approximate to the expected value of 1E18 cm-3 at room temperature and showed slight variations as the temperature decreased to 5K which potentially indicates minimal defects during MBE growth. This study improves the understanding of the temperature dependent properties of Gallium Oxide and provides a method to evaluate the standards of MBE growth.References:1 Masataka Higashiwaki et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 013504 (2012)2 Masataka Higashiwaki et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 123511 (2013)

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  Testing the Influence of Lithology and Ice Sheet Dynamics on Waterfall Formation in Hocking Hills State Park

  Magdelyn Stewart

  Hocking Hills State Park is known for its many, >30 m-tall waterfalls. The precise number of these fluvial knickpoints is unknown, as they have never been thoroughly mapped. Moreover, the traditional hypothesis of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources and Ohio Geologic Survey is that the knickpoints are purely lithologic features formed by the contrasting rock strength of the durable Black Hand Sandstone (BHSS) overlying the weaker Cuyahoga Shale. Despite this long standing theory, regional morphologic evidence suggests they may have been formed by stream capture. Here, we evaluate the traditional hypothesis. If the knickpoints are lithologic in origin, we expect their morphologic properties to vary based on local BHSS thickness. Using Ohio Geographically Referenced Information Program LiDAR data, we visually mapped over 700 of these knickpoints. With this collection of knickpoints, we used ArcGIS and Topotoolbox to map relationships between BHSS thickness and relief, density, drainage area, and fluvial relief. Our results do not show any significant relationships between BHSS thickness and morphology. Additionally, we were able to evaluate whether knickpoint retreat might have stalled due to a minimum threshold drainage area, which we also do not see supported by our analysis. In the future, we will use cosmogenic 10Be to date the waterfalls, allowing us to test the stream capture hypothesis. Furthermore, we will expand upon our collection of field measurements to develop precise profiles for each noteable stream.

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  The Catholic-Protestant Divide in Northern Ireland and Its Lasting Impact

  Elizabeth Carey

  The religious and political divide between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland has shaped the region’s history, society, and economy. This project explores the ongoing relevance of this division by examining personal narratives, historical treaties, and contemporary political and economic implications. Using a podcast format, I will interview family members and friends who have experienced life in Northern Ireland and those who immigrated to the United States. These firsthand accounts will provide insight into how sectarian tensions influence daily life, job opportunities, and migration patterns. I will use scholarly sources to explore the historical roots of the Catholic-Protestant divide, including British colonial policies and religious discrimination. These sources will also assess the effectiveness of peace agreements like the Good Friday and St. Andrews Agreements and examine the economic impact of sectarianism on jobs, trade, and investment. Drawing from current news sources and historical research, this project will highlight how religious and political identity still impact Northern Ireland today. By looking at these dynamics, I aim to understand how historical divisions continue to shape modern society and business, particularly in trade and economic opportunities. This research is especially relevant to my background in international business, as it demonstrates the intersection of history, politics, and economics in shaping a region’s development. This project provides a deeper understanding of how sectarian conflict persists and why it remains significant in local and global contexts.

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  The Correctional Responses to COVID-19: in Ohio, the U.S., and Across the Globe

  Kendall Visco

  The United States has the largest correctional system in the world, and as a result, the system is vulnerable to various public health issues, the most recent being the COVID-19 pandemic. Correctional institutions across the country were completely unprepared for the pandemic, in terms of supplies and regulations. As a result, tens of thousands of incarcerated individuals fell sick in outbreaks, and thousands more passed away due to complications. Regulations varied from institution to institution, and policies then and now are still unclear. In order to prepare for the future, understanding of these policies is vital to better understand where successes and failures were, and this project aims to shed light on this topic. Analysis of available data regarding policy and interviews of individuals exonerated through the Ohio Innocence Project will be conducted. Questions will be related to the policies implemented before, during, and after the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021, as well as personal experiences living with the pandemic and how they individually believe policies could have been improved. This information will fill in current gaps in understanding and serve to help correctional institutions better understand how to protect their staff and incarcerated populations from future outbreaks and pandemics.

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  The Correlation Between Social Media Use, Academic Performance, and Sleep in College Students

  Emily Decillo, Jack Doherty, Olivia Goldfarb, Morgan Moore

  This study aims to explore the relationship between social media usage, sleep deprivation, and academic performance of UD students. By examining how these factors interact, the study seeks to better understand the potential impact of social media usage on college students' sleep patterns and, in turn, how both of these variables influence academic achievement.

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  The Deadliest Weapons: Analyzing Firearm Type and Fatalities in U.S. Mass Shootings

  Jacob Veczko

  Mass shootings in the United States have become increasingly frequent and severe, raising urgent debates about gun control policies. The type of weapon used in mass shootings plays a big factor in the number of fatalities. Research has shown that there is a higher number of casualties when the weapon has a higher firepower and faster fire rate. This would indicate that the assault rifle would be the most harmful, despite the claim that all firearms are equally harmful and changing gun control policy would not impact the number of fatalities. This study will examine the connection between the type of weapon used and the number of fatalities that have occurred between the years of 1980 and 2018. It will determine if assault rifles and other higher-capacity firearms would be linked to more fatalities than handguns, shotguns, and rifles by using the CADMS (2018) dataset. Understanding these trends will allow us to take the proper legal responses to try to mitigate the overall damage caused. The research question in this study is: What types of weapons have been most commonly used in deadly mass shootings between 1980 and 2018, and how does weapon type correlate with the number of fatalities?

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  The Drosophila Beta-Tubulin Sperm Code: Cracking Evolutionary Pathways One Amino Acid Insertion at a Time

  Ellin Park

  How does a protein evolve while maintaining its function? One answer to this question is that the protein doesn’t evolve. In this research, we study the beta 2 tubulin protein that is essential to the production of Drosophila fruit fly sperm, in order to explain why ithasn’t evolved in the past 60 million years. By testing the ability of different beta tubulins to support spermatogenesis, we can re-create its evolutionary pathway and determine which possible pathways are viable. Here we test the ability of “CTA”, a chimeric beta-tubulin that has ꞵ2 tubulin amino acid insertions of cysteine, threonine, and alanine in amino acid positions 29, 55, and 57 into the major, ꞵ1 tubulin, to determine if these residues carry sperm-generating power into the ꞵ1 protein. These amino acids were chosen based on the hypothesis that they entail a sperm-generating synergism of the ꞵ2 protein. We are generating flies in which the endogenous ꞵ2 gene was replaced by the ꞵ1-ꞵ2 CTA gene, and will determine if it is sufficient to support spermatogenesis and fertility. If sufficient, this supports an argument that ꞵ2’s evolutionary stasis is due to its ability to win evolutionary competitions against other ꞵ2 alleles. If it does not, we conclude a second protein may need to evolve for ꞵ2 to evolve.

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  The Effect of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans on Violent Crimes

  Logan Coulehan

  This current study was conducted due to the limited available research on the field of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), within the veteran population, and violent crimes. The prior literature regarding this topic highlighted the complexity of analyzing mental illness and crimes as a whole. Throughout the literature, it has been shown that more psychotic impairing disorders, such as PTSD, have displayed higher rates of violence than those that possess other forms of mental illness. However, research studies on the specific correlation between PTSD and violence are very limited and lacking in the field. In addition, research has also shown that veterans, especially those who have just gotten out of recent military service, are more likely to develop PTSD compared to the general population, indicating the importance of studying both violence and PTSD in veterans. Hence, this research study attempts to investigate the following question: Does post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military veterans display an increase in these veterans conducting violent crimes?

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  The Effect of Schedule I & II Narcotics on Criminality Amongst Young Offenders

  Jack Pacheco

  This project investigates the assocation between the usage of schedule I & II narcotics amongst juveniles and violent crime. I will use the data processing software SPSS to analyze data drawn from the Pathways to Desistance criminological study in order to show this correlation, and outline ways in which society can prevent the continuation of violent crime as a result of substance abuse.

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  The effects of prairie community composition and soil amendments on Quercus macrocarpa seedling success during post-agricultural restoration

  Lindsey Dewey

  In the last century, worldwide there has been an increase in the amount of abandoned agricultural land. In eastern North America restoration efforts often focus on trying to restore these post agricultural fields to native forest. Many barriers such as degraded soils, loss of native biodiversity, disruption of symbiotic mycorrhizal relationships, and invasive species keep these fields from naturally regenerating through old field succession. The long-term goal of our study is to transition a post agricultural field into an oak-hickory forest. Working with our community partners, Five Rivers Metroparks we established a fully replicated restoration experiment on a 12 ha post agricultural field. We established 20 plots and assigned one of four treatment seeding mixes: high diversity high legume content, high diversity low legume content, low diversity high legume content, and low diversity low legume content. Each plot was split into four subplots that received one of four soil amendments: no amendment (control), whole soil transplant, mulch application, and whole soil and mulch. In each subplot six bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) saplings were planted. The height and basal diameter of each surviving sapling was measured in the fall of 2022 and 2023. One sample was collected from every subplot in the fall of 2022 and 2023 to measure sapling biomass and examine the ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) root colonization. We found that after two growing seasons oak seedlings' basal diameter, rate of mortality, and rate of herbivory were significantly influenced by our treatments. We did not find that height or mycorrhizal root colonization was significantly affected by our treatments. Unaccounted variables such as competition and microclimate influences that may have disrupted our results. Forest regeneration failure is a widespread problem and the restoration of degraded post agricultural landscapes could help solve this problem.

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  The Effects of the Mafia on Journalism in Italy: Is Free Press Ensured Where the Mafia is Concerned?

  Stella Johnson

  Since the beginning of the Italian and Sicilian mafia in the 19th century, organized crime has had a profound impact on Italy, influencing not only its government and culture but also its journalism. The role of the press is crucial in informing the public, yet the presence of mafia organizations poses a significant threat to journalistic freedom. Without a truly free press, journalists may be intimidated into self-censorship, leading to misinformation and potential corruption within Italian society. This study investigates the influence of the Italian mafia on journalism since the 1980s, examining how mafia-controlled territories, specifically in Southern Italy which includes Campania, Calabria, and Sicily, shape news reporting and the challenges journalists face in exposing the truth within a society dominated by organized crime. The research includes real accounts of journalists who have been threatened or harmed for reporting on mafia activities such as Giuseppe Fava, who was killed in 1984 by the mafia in Catania. Additionally, the project includes spotlights on Italian anti-mafia groups and their relationship with journalists. A historical overview of the mafia and key terminology associated with these criminal organizations will also be provided. Ultimately, this project seeks to answer the question: Is free press truly ensured in Italy when reporting on the mafia?

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  The Halo Effect and Attributions of Responsibility: How Perceptions of Attractiveness and Promiscuity Influence Victim-Blaming in Ambiguous Sexual Encounters

  Emma Tucek

  The study examined how perceptions of attractiveness influenced attributions of responsibility in an ambiguous sexual encounter involving a male perpetrator and a female victim that aligns with the University of Dayton’s definition of sexual assault. Participants read a brief vignette, along with photos of the purported characters, and rated the two participants on various characteristics; we manipulated the attractiveness of the female using different photos. Participants then provided their judgments regarding the encounter described in the vignette. Due to differences in causal inference difficulties, we found a difference between the effect of manipulating attractiveness versus rated attractiveness. ANOVAs indicated a change in male and female attractiveness, as well as perceptions of promiscuity, before and after reading the vignette. Ratings of both characters’ attractiveness influenced responsibility judgments, but the pathways differed based on the type of responsibility. As male attractiveness increased, he was viewed more favorably and assigned less responsibility, while she was attributed more responsibility through perceptions of her promiscuity. Female attractiveness did not directly predict her level of responsibility. The findings revealed gendered biases in responsibility attributions, where assumptions about a woman’s character assumptions drove victim-blaming, while a man’s character assumptions were less indicative of his accountability. A mediation analysis suggested that a halo effect may be a mechanism through which attractiveness influences attributions of responsibility, specifically by enhancing ratings of positive traits rather than diminishing ratings of negative characteristics.

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  The Impact of Captioned Media on Vocabulary Retention and Language Development in Early Childhood: A Meta-Analysis

  Clarissa Breard, Natalie Dziurdzik

  Have you ever wondered if you are expanding your vocabulary and language when using subtitles while watching a TV show or movie? Through this meta-analysis, we will be exploring the following questions focusing on the cognitive development in children: What types of words (nouns, adjectives, verbs) are most effectively retained when toddlers engage with captioned media? Does captioned media accelerate language in toddlers or is it more effective for older children? What types of media content (music, cartoons, games) are most effective in enhancing toddlers language and vocabulary skills? Can the use of captions in educational videos influence knowledge retention? What are the effects of consuming media in different languages on language acquisition?

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  The Impact of Globalization on Small Craft Breweries

  Aubrey Evers

  Globalization has transformed the craft beer industry, bringing both exciting opportunities and tough challenges for small breweries in Germany. While international trade and digital marketing have made it easier for these breweries to reach global markets, they now face growing competition from multinational beer corporations and foreign craft brands. At the same time, sourcing ingredients has become more complex, with many breweries balancing the need for high-quality, imported hops and malts with a push for sustainability and local sourcing. Consumer tastes are also evolving; German beer drinkers are embracing styles influenced by global craft beer trends, while international tourists are eager to experience Germany’s rich brewing heritage. This shift forces small brewers to innovate while staying true to tradition. Meanwhile, regulations, taxation, and trade policies present additional hurdles, shaping how these businesses expand beyond Germany’s borders. This paper explores how small craft breweries in Germany are adapting to globalization, drawing insights from industry reports, case studies, and academic research. Looking at real-world examples highlights how these businesses navigate challenges and seize new opportunities in a rapidly changing beer landscape.

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  The impact of involvement in student clubs on the well-being of UD students

  Brendan Connors, Grace Felts, Ruth Petrick, Emilee Strine

  We want to investigate the impact student organizations have on UD student's lives whether it is through mental health, physical well-being and life satisfaction.

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  The Impact of Prison Education Programs on Inmate Behavior

  Thomas Gillespie

  This study explores whether participating in prison education programs affects inmate behavior, particularly regarding disciplinary infractions. Using data from the Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016, collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, this research examines whether inmates who enroll in educational programs are less likely to receive infractions compared to those who do not. The study applies logistic regression analysis to assess this relationship while accounting for factors such as mental health history, prior education, job training participation, offense type, race, and prior incarcerations. The dependent variable, institutional infractions, is treated as a binary measure, distinguishing between inmates with no infractions and those with at least one. By analyzing these variables, this research aims to provide insight into how education influences inmate behavior and whether expanding educational access could be an effective rehabilitation strategy. The findings will contribute to ongoing discussions about prison reform and improving inmate outcomes through educational opportunities.

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  The Importance of Beavers: Effects of a Beaver colony on Biodiversity

  Dustin Holmes

  Ecosystem engineers are vital for natural areas, having a large impact on species richness and ecosystem health. An example is the North American beaver (Castor canadensis). Beavers can radically alter their environment through the construction of dams, which creates new aquatic habitats, leads to greater water availability, and increases nutrient availability for plants and animals. Around two years ago a beaver family began to build a dam in Glen Helen Nature Reserve (Yellow Springs, OH), and since then have completed construction of a dam and a lodge. This has caused significant flooding of the stream that the dam was built on and an opening of the canopy due to the beavers removing many large trees within the area. Our aim was to study the effects that this beaver colony has had on trees in the area and how the beavers are affected by the local fauna and human activity.For this objective, we set up three remote trail cameras to capture beaver presence and activity. Cameras were active for a month, from Nov 15 to Dec 15, 2022. We also monitored and documented the location of trees that showed any signs of beaver activity so that we could identify what tree species were preferred by the beavers. We collected the cameras and reviewed what was captured, following up with analysis of the data collected. We documented 141 photos and videos of beavers during our study. They were primarily active at dawn, and seemed to avoid other mammals and humans. It was also determined that the beavers mainly preferred medium sized sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and hackberry trees (Celtis occidentalis) over other slower growing tree species. This data will aid in the management of Glen Helen Nature Reserve and provide insight on what attracts beavers to locations for their dam.

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  The Influence of Scottish and Irish Traditional Music on the Work of Bob Dylan

  Bryce Russell

  “Jean Redpath sung a song here a while ago, which I heard Liam Clancy sing about two years ago,” Bob Dylan told the crowd huddled around him on July 26, 1963, at the Newport Folk Festival. “I was listening to her sing it, and I thought I wrote this song called ‘With God on Our Side,’ and it must have somewhere stayed in the back of my mind hearing Liam Clancy sing ‘The Patriot Game.’” The connections between Bob Dylan and the American folk music tradition have been studied since the beginning of his career. However, the folk music of Ireland and Scotland have been important catalysts of Dylan’s work as well, spanning his early folk career to his most recent album. Through numerous covers of Irish / Scottish folk songs like “The Roving Blade” and “Easy and Slow,” among others, we can see Dylan’s appreciation and knowledge for this strand of folk music. For example, he seems to have a lasting affinity for “Wild Mountain Thyme,” having played it in 1965 at the Savoy Hotel with Joan Baez, at his return at the Isle of Wight festival in 1969, and on both the 1975 and 1976 legs of the Rolling Thunder Revue.In taking a deeper look into songs like “With God on Our Side,” “Walls of Red Wing,” and others, we can see how Dylan adapted not just the melody of multiple Irish / Scottish tunes, but also the lyrical elements of rebellion and self-reflectiveness.

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  The Legacy of French Colonialism in Haiti: Economic Instability and Gender Inequality

  Lydia Andrews

  This research examines how Haiti’s colonial past, particularly its exploitative plantation economy (1697–1804) and the burden of post-independence debt (1825–1947), has contributed to systemic financial hardship and gender inequality. The poto-mitan figure, derived from the Haitian Creole words for “pillar” (poto) and “center” (mitan), is often viewed as a source of strength that symbolizes resilience, self-sacrifice, and responsibility, particularly among working-class, dark-skinned Haitian women. However, this figure, emerging from colonial and postcolonial labor structures, places disproportionate economic burdens on women while devaluing their contributions. This social construct has reinforced a gendered and racialized division of labor, limiting Haitian women’s economic mobility. Over the past fifty years (1970s–present), continued economic instability, worsened by political unrest and foreign interventions, has exacerbated these gender disparities, constricting Haitian women’s participation in the formal economy. Through an analysis of historical colonial policies, post-independence economic struggles, and contemporary gendered labor dynamics, this research seeks to examine how colonial legacies continue to shape economic and social inequalities in Haiti.

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  The Mathematics of RSA: Primality Testing, One-Way Functions and Key Exchange

  Maximo Gonzalez

  This project explores key mathematical components of public key cryptography, which is widely used to secure digital communications. The necessary mathematical tools are reviewed, including the topic of prime numbers and the Miller–Rabin primality test. One-way functions based on modular exponentiation are also covered, as well as the Diffie-Hellman algorithm which generates a secret key that is known to only the intended sender and receiver utilizing modular exponentiation. These topics are integral to demonstrate public key cryptography and how it is implemented using the RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) cryptosystem.