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  Students Making a Difference: Diversity and Campus Climate at UD

  Aniqa Noreen Ahmed, Cara M. Daley, Malon Ariel Hood, Amariá Chryslyn Camille Jones, Christopher Arnold Jones, Galila S. Kiffle, Serena Maya Melgar, Joia Marie Mitchell-Holman, Emily M. Ruebelman, Leah L. Ward

  Creating Inclusive Community involves students, faculty, and staff who enrolled in UDI 380 “Understanding, Respecting, and Connecting: Examining Privilege and Taking Action” and attended a diversity conference in Chicago, IL in April 2020. The focus of the conference was to examine the challenging concepts of privilege and oppression and to develop strategies to create a more equitable world. Come hear the students experiences at the conference and discuss the skills and knowledge they gained to enhance the campus climate for inclusivity and diversity at the University of Dayton. Please join us for a lively discussion!

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  Sustainable Development Goal 4: Quality Education & Dayton

  Destiny Watson

  Studying Human Rights as it relates specifically to Dayton, and what can be done to make Dayton a Human Rights City has allowed me to learn more about Dayton. This course has allowed me to reflect on my hometown & own experiences as it relates to the SDGs. As a person who has had a good quality education and having family members who did not, I understand the importance of having a quality education regardless of location, class, race, etc. It’s good to see that there are actions being taken to improve the education system in Dayton.

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  Sustainable Stories: Linking Graphic Design and the Environment to Inform, Educate, and Inspire

  Shannon Stanforth

  I believe that graphic design has the ability to inspire social good and action. Similarly, sustainability is an emerging concern which depends on the collective decisions of an environmentally aware and civically-minded society. This thesis project explores the ways that graphic design and sustainability affect and influence each other. Graphic designers have the responsibility to visually communicate and connect with audiences. Sustainability’s applicability to a multitude of disciplines and its relevance to the future of our planet makes it a message worthy of communication. In an effort to link graphic design and sustainability together for the purpose of inspiring social and environmental good, I created a children’s book which focuses on the importance of naming and knowing the world around us. The book seeks to serve as an example of how design and sustainability can be linked in both a book’s production and the development of its content. It aims to maintain the ideals of sustainability while simultaneously emphasizing the importance of caring for our natural world and spreading this message to the youngest generation. Future steps for this research include: determining sustainable methods of printing and production, continuing to examine the intersections between the fields of sustainability and design, and disseminating my message to children and the community.

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  Synthesis, Characterization, and Fluorescence Behavior of Oxidized Biochar Particles

  Bethany R. Davies

  Biochar is made through a simple combustion method from any biomass. In this work, we produced fluorescent carbon-based particles using a hydrothermal process whereby biochar and hydrogen peroxide reacted; three separate sources of biomass were investigated. The synthesized particles were characterized via the following spectroscopic methods: Infra-Red, Ultraviolet-Visible, Fluorescence, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The spectroscopic results suggest the presence of a conjugated carbon lattice with nitrogen and multiple oxygen-containing functional groups. All three biochar-based carbon particles exhibit similar strong fluorescent behavior when excited by light in the ultra-violet to near-visible range, with fluorescence occurring in the visible region over a range of approximately 300 nm with an emission maximum in the 430-450 nm region. The physical and fluorescence characteristics of these particles makes them an ideal candidate for future research into a safe, green, and cost-effective biosensor. Additionally, the minimal waste produced in this synthesis suggests a possible economically viable method for the large-scale production of fluorescent materials.

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  Taking Action: How Community Residents’ Positionality, Trust in the Government, and Risk Perceptions affect Advocacy in the Superfund Process

  Alyssa Miller

  A Superfund Site is a contaminated area designated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that poses a risk to human health and must be cleaned up and remediated. Not only can a Superfund Site’s contamination affect residents’ health, but it can also jeopardize their property value and community life. Drawing on the human rights framework, international doctrines, and peer reviewed research, this poster proposes a conceptual framework for how residents’ social positionality, perceived risk, and trust in government could influence a community member’s ability to take action around such Superfund sites. This review of the literature is framed within the context of an underfunded and understaffed program which has resulted in a backlog of contaminated sites that require remediation. The findings from this literature review are contributing to a broader Environmental Justice in Greater Old North Dayton research project led by Dr. Danielle Rhubart which is focusing on three of the currently six Superfund sites within Dayton, Ohio, including Behr Dayton Thermal System VOC Plume, the North Sanitary Landfill (i.e. Valleycrest Landfill), and Valley Pike VOC. This poster will end with a brief snapshot of how these findings shed light on the survey findings from that project.

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  Technical Writing in China

  Julia Ziemelis, Maya Gerker, Savanna Simons

  Over winter break, we visited various businesses in China in the cities of Beijing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, and Shanghai. We are going to discuss what we learned about technical writing from these businesses and about the increasing demand for professional technical writers.

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  Technical Writing in China at Alibaba and Huawei

  Will Joseph Francis, Matthew F. Kaufman

  Over Winter break, we went on an intersession trip to China. During our time there we visited Beijing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, and Shanghai. In these cities, we had the pleasure of visiting technical writers at Chinese based and international companies. In our presentation, we examine Hauwei and Alibaba and the work their technical writers do.

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  Technical Writing: Our Experience in China

  Michael Vincent Benevento, Parker Alexander Getz

  During our two weeks in China, we visited a multitude of globalized companies in a variety of cities. We were exposed to how these companies operate and adapt to the language barriers they face. Aside from the more formal learning experience, we were exposed to a polarizing culture that has changed our perspective on life and how different cultures can operate.

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  Testing the Effects of Mucin and Nisin on the Susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes to Antimicrobial Peptides

  Kaeley Elizabeth Bush, Alyssa M. Dabrowski

  Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can survive and cause infections in the human gastrointestinal tract. In susceptible populations, such as those immunocompromised, L. monocytogenes is able to cross the intestinal barrier and cause diseases such as meningitis that are much higher in mortality. During L. monocytogenes transit through the GI tract, it is exposed to the mucosal barrier rich with mucus and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)--two major innate defense mechanisms against foreign pathogens. Moreover, the endogenous microbes produce large quantities of fermentation acids that also assist in reducing pathogen colonization. In this study, we examined the effects of mucus and propionate, one of the major fermentation acids found in the human GI lumen, on the susceptibility of L. monocytogenes to AMPs. Using nisin as a model AMP, we found that propionate and mucin alone increased the susceptibility of L. monocytogenes to nisin. With the exception of the L. monocytogenes ΔsigB mutant, in which propionate alone decreased susceptibility to nisin. We found that propionate and mucin together seemed to have no effect on the susceptibility of L. monocytogenes to nisin. From our results we also determined that anaerobic growth only increased L. monocytogenes susceptibility to nisin in the ΔsigB mutant. Further research is to be done with the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 to see if similar results are found.

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  The Association Between Household Routines and Preschool Children's Academic Performances

  Kara Kristine Gillespie

  The use of familial routines in the home can serve as a critical tool to improve the academic and social development of young children, thus impacting their overall performance in school. The goal of this study is to replicate previous research and look at specific household routines and how they impact academic performance in preschool aged children. In terms of a routine, this study will specifically look at parents regularly reading with children, following a bedtime routine, parents regularly engaging in imaginary play with the child, and maintaining an overall daily routine. This study predicts that the more frequently parents engage in these different routines, the better overall academic and cognitive performance their child will exhibit after controlling for demographic covariates. All questions pertaining to household routines will be taken from the parent survey and given to parents that opted to participate in the Preschool Promise Project. The questions measure the prevalence of a routine on a scale from 1-5, with 1 indicating the routine is not regularly implemented, and 5 indicating that the routine is frequently implemented. Data on children's academic performance will be taken from assessments conducted through the Preschool Promise Project using the Bracken test and the Kindergarten Readiness Assessment. This data was collected at various preschools and day care centers across the Dayton area, assessing children ages 3 to 5. The Bracken test measures a child's school readiness through assessing various different academic concepts that are necessary for learning at school. The Bracken test includes five subsets that apply to school readiness, including colors, letters, numbers/counting, size/comparison, and shapes. The Kindergarten Readiness Assessment measures a child's school readiness in social, physical, and academic areas. The assessment consists of four subsets including social foundations, language and literacy, mathematics, and physical well-being and motor development.

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  The Centrality of Trees

  Morgan Ball

  The study of the middle of graphs has numerous real-life applications. In this presentation I will focus on identifying the most logical place to put a Hospital in West Jefferson, OH, using the different measures of the middle of trees. As part of this discussion, I will introduce the importance of the processes of eccentricity, radius, diameter, and status in regard to the graph, in addition to the reasoning behind why each vertex of the graph was chosen. Lastly, I will discuss the significant different between the center of a graph and the median of a graph and distinguish the correct time to use each.

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  The Co-limitation Conundrum: Can the Elemental Composition of Insects Help to Better Predict the Success of Invasive Species?

  Troy Harry Lampenfeld, Ryan William Reihart

  The ability to predict changes in the abundance and diversity of consumers is of fundamental ecological importance; however, humans are altering global calcium and sodium cycles with unknown consequences on consumers. Calcium and sodium are essential nutrients which are important for the physiological functioning of consumers, the availability of which, can play a large role in their success establishing in an ecosystem. The effects of these nutrient influxes on consumer success is largely unknown but utilizing consumer stoichiometry may help us to predict the effect that nutrient changes will have on consumers and ecosystem structure. These predictions will be especially useful to understand the reasons for the success of invasive species, addressing a primary question of invasion ecology. Nylanderia fulva are an invasive ant which can dominate litter communities in coastal prairies and exhibits varying responses to Ca and Na: high concentrations of Ca increase colony size while diets high in Na suppress colony size. Over the course of the 2019 summer, we conducted feeding trials with 128 experimental colonies that manipulated the amount of Ca and Na in the food of N. fulva by increasing each nutrient by 10%, 25%, and 50% (for a total of 16 different diets, each replicated 8 times) to determine if these nutrients affect colony fitness and stoichiometry. To determine if consumer stoichiometry can be used to predict the nutrient effect of N. fulva, we pooled workers (N = 16) and larvae (N = 16) from the feeding trials and collected an additional 21 colonies in the field that will be sent for nutrient analyses. Knowing how stoichiometry affects insects’ response to environmental nutrients could help to develop an understanding of how human activities may affect the success of invasive species and may help to better predict which ecosystems are susceptible to invasion.

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  The Democratic Republic of Congo: Evaluation of program for voter education

  Katie Nora Mullins, Turkan B. Tashtan, Jon David Wallowicz

  Counterpart's program in the DRC has a goal to increase voter participation. This program started in May of 2015 and functions on a 12-month cycle. The program is specifically focused on the provinces of Kivus, Kasai's, and Katanga because women, youth, and indigenous people are seen as less necessary in the voting process. Counterpart focuses on groups most susceptible to being excluded from the electoral process such as women, youth, people with disabilities, albinos, and Pygmies. Counterpart has combined its efforts with three major CSOs: Episcopal Commission for Justice and Peace (CEJP), National Committee of Women and Development (CONAFED), and the Fund for Congolese Women (FFC). About 30 other smaller CSOs work with Counterpart in the DRC to achieve their end goal as well. During this 5-year program, Counterpart has been working to achieve two objectives. The two goals focus on enabling Congolese citizens to make informed voting decisions and participate actively and peacefully in the electoral process. Counterpart believes they can solve the low voter participation problem with the help of local organizations. Something that has helped them is the use of their independent election committee, which has taught citizens how to vote.

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  The Eastern Europe Britain Wanted: Serbian Independence as Recorded in British Newspapers, 1867

  Sarah Eyer

  This is a study of Victorian British foreign policy reflected in newspapers. The study focuses on data obtained from the British response to Serbian independence in 1867. The Conservatives focused on ways to keep the balance of power in Europe. The Liberals were guided by their belief in progress and debated amongst themselves if the Balkan countries were ready to be independent nations. However, neither group knew much about Serbia or what was happening there. The newspapers reflected that Britain had little interest in what Serbia wanted but rather reflected what Britain wanted Europe to look like and how Serbia fit into that picture.

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  The Effect of Hormonal Contraception on Interpersonal Attraction in Cis-Women

  Nicole Beasley

  I examine the influence hormonal contraception on interpersonal attraction. This study measures attraction to an imaginary interaction partner after inducing feelings of rejection or acceptance through false feedback. To investigate, I use a 2 (menstrual cycle: follicular phase or hormonal contraception) x 2 (reciprocity: present or absent) design. Women who use hormonal contraception have decreased reward sensitivity and emotional recognition. The implications of these decreases is two-fold. First, these decreases demonstrate a social difference between women who use hormonal contraception and naturally cycling women. Second, both reward sensitivity and emotional recognition are important for interpersonal attraction. Decreases in reward sensitivity equate to decreases in social bonding processes involved in interpersonal attraction. For example, examining emotional recognition in women who use hormonal contraception found insensitivity toward negative emotion face recognition, decreases in emotional memory, and less pronounced response toward negative social interactions. Inability or insensitivity toward emotion may have serious implications for how women who use hormonal contraception navigate relationships. In these ways, administration of hormonal contraception may affect interpersonal attraction. Social cue insensitivities may manifest in differing sensitivities toward social cues in women who use hormonal contraception. At ovulation, women sensitize toward flirtatious facial movements. During the luteal phase, naturally cycling women possess heightened sensitivity to social cues. These sensitizations fail to occur in women using hormonal contraception; this study will help to uncover how this lack manifests in relationship formation. I expect that menstrual cycle (follicular phase or hormonal contraception) will moderate the relation between reciprocity and attraction such that naturally cycling women will report greater attraction when reciprocity is present. When reciprocity is absent, I expect women using hormonal contraception to report greater attraction due to the decreased sensitivity toward negative social interactions. Practically, understanding potential impacts is especially important because millions of women worldwide use hormonal contraception.

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  The Effect of Oxygen Level and Propionate Concentration on Antibiotic Efficacy in Listeria monocytogenes

  Mackenzie Martin

  Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen known for causing the infection listeriosis, a common foodborne illness associated with many packaged cold foods, raw meats, and dairy products. While anyone exposed to contaminated foods or products is at risk of infection, listeriosis significantly impacts the immunocompromised, pregnant women, children and the elderly with a high mortality rate. This project documents and analyzes the effect of aerobic or anaerobic conditions as well as propionate concentration levels on the efficacy of the antibiotics gentamicin and ampicillin in inhibiting cell growth in Listeria monocytogenes. We observed that the presence of propionate, compared to no propionate control, significantly decrease the aerobic growth of Listeria monocytogenes with 10 ug/mL ampicillin or 10 ug/mL gentamicin. These results suggest that the presence of propionate may enhance the antibiotic efficacy against Listeria monocytogenes under aerobic conditions.

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  The effect of visual stimuli and personal narrative on social perception: evaluating student perceptions of stigmatized social statuses

  Kathleen Gross

  Stigma is an important factor to consider in relation to experiential learning, as labeling can perpetuate negative attitudes and prejudices towards others, potentially causing a variety of negative effects. Subjects identified with stigmatized statuses, including race, income, and drug use were presented to a sample of students at the University of Dayton using three different survey designs. Each survey design included a different type of display for the visual stimuli depicting the subject (basic demographics, personal narrative and personal narrative with a photograph of the subject). The survey design included a modernized recalibration of the Bogardus Social Distance Scale, which was adapted to align with the contemporary social contexts of college students. Students were presented with a subject and asked how comfortable they would feel in a number of example situations engaging with this person. Results will inform how the change in visual stimuli and a student’s level of outside engagement within the Dayton community will affect their comfort level in a variety of situations.

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  The Effects of Electrochemical Potential on the Growth of Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium Colonies on Conductive Agar Plates

  December R. Lee, Nilan Mani

  A recent study by Vomaris et al., demonstrated that a wireless electroceutical device (WED) consisting of a series of silver and zinc electrodes could be used as a “smart” bandage, which inhibits microbial biofilm formation on burn victims. The antibacterial and electrochemical properties of silver and zinc drive the WED technology. This antibacterial effect is complicated by the presence of established antimicrobial metals like Ag and Zn in the device. We performed experiments on biocompatible solid media to determine if this antibacterial effect is based on electrochemical potential and not the metals present in the device. We created carbon-based drop cast electrodes containing either Fe(s)/C, Zn(s)/C versus Ag(s)/C or Pt/Carbon electrodes to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli or Bacillus megaterium in regions between the electrodes. We created single and dual electrode systems on nutrient rich agar plates with defined electrical conductivities. We confirmed that neither Fe(s)/C nor Pt/C electrodes inhibit the growth of either bacterium. However, the Zn(s)/C electrode inhibits the growth of both E. coli and B. megaterium up to 1 cm from the edge of the electrode. The dual electrode systems containing non-toxic metals have thus far not inhibited the growth of either bacterium when both anodes and cathodes were drop cast on the agar surface. However the devices did generate open circuit potentials starting at 450 mV to approximately 150 mV over 8 days. We present how blending vulcan carbon (XC-72) into the agar can decrease the resistance of the agar by 1000x without impacting the growth of either bacterium. Our results indicate that printable carbon based electrodes can potentially sensitize bacteria to antibacterials, but to date the electrochemical effect is not strong enough to thwart the growth of E. coli or B. megaterium.

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  The Effects of Individuals with Exceptionalities on the Family Dynamic

  Avery Leigh Bensman

  An individual who has an exceptionality has a mental or physical impairment that hinders one or more daily activities. Although some research has been done in this area, the impacts that exceptionalities can have on families is complex and unique for each family. Exceptionalities not only impact the individual who has the impairment but also impacts their family members daily. My research study aims to discover how exceptionalities can impact families and their daily lives, whether that be physically, emotionally, or mentally. Some of the areas that my research on families who have a member or members with an exceptionality includes the overall effects on daily living, stress levels, comfort levels, and the varying services provided for the individual with an exceptionality.

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  The Effects of Superordinate Goals and Superordinate Identities on Outgroup Liking and Aggression

  Emily H. Budde

  Understanding the roles of superordinate identities (SI) and superordinate goals (SG) in producing outgroup liking and reducing aggression, allows us to compare the common ingroup identity model and the ingroup favoring norm to understand intergroup conflict. SI suggests the need for an overarching identity that includes the ingroup and the outgroup. SG suggests the need for cooperative interdependence in which the groups are working toward the same goals. The study compared the use of these constructs to determine if one or both was most effective for establishing outgroup liking and low behavioral aggression, by exploring the creation of one group or two groups and cooperation or competition. Three participants were told that they were either a part of a larger "Group A" that includes three more members in another room or a part of a smaller "Group A" with another smaller "Group B" in another room. The group members were then told they would either be working cooperatively or competitively with the other group on an anagram task. Participants completed a behavioral measure of aggression and several questionnaires. Data from 132 (13 groups per cell) University of Dayton undergraduate students was collected. It was hypothesized that SG, SI, and the interaction of the two would establish high liking and low aggression. There was no interaction of superordinate goals by superordinate identities on outgroup liking and behavioral aggression. There was a main effect of superordinate goals on outgroup liking, F(1,125) = 8.22, p = .005, partial η2 = .06, and behavioral aggression, F(1,128) = 46.24, p < .001, partial η2 = .27. There were no main effects of superordinate identities. The results suggest that superordinate goals alone produce the highest outgroup liking and lowest behavioral aggression. Therefore, establishing cooperative interdependence between groups could help promote peace and prevent conflict in real world settings.

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  The Hyperreal Nature of the Trump Administration's Post-Truth Rhetoric

  Alexander Vincent Sharp

  Recently political rhetoric has entered an era that many scholars refer to as the "post-truth era." This is defined as a state in which the truth no longer has any bearing on discourse. Although many scholars identify post-truth as a purely 21st century phenomenon, I use the scholarship of Jean Baudrillard as a lens to interpret the post-truth rhetoric of the Trump administration. Baudrillard's prescient work is particularly instructive when analyzing post-truth rhetoric because he correctly identified many of the causes and effects of the post-truth era. First, I identify the parallels between modern post-truth studies and Baudrillard's work on simulation. Next, I use the scholarship of Baudrillard to determine the rhetorical goals of the Trump administration and analyze how these goals have changed over time. It is only with a clear understanding of how post-truth rhetoric functions that it can be effectively countered.

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  The influence of riparian invasion by the terrestrial shrub Lonicera maackii on aquatic macroinvertebrates in temperate forest headwater streams

  Michelle Little

  Headwater streams in the midwestern United States are an important ecosystem because they are home to key macroinvertebrate species and serve as the starting point for river systems. According to the river continuum concept, any terrestrial inputs to headwater streams can influence biotic communities and abiotic conditions downstream. Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) is an invasive shrub species prominent in the midwestern U.S. whose allelopathic properties have proven detrimental to local biodiversity. We hypothesized that increasing L. maackii density along headwater streams would alter the diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities. Five sites located in Montgomery and Miami Counties, Ohio were chosen to represent varying L. maackii density along the banks of headwater streams: one heavily invaded site, two moderately invaded sites, and two reference sites (little to no invasion). This study focused on the EPT taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plectoptera, and Trichoptera), which represent orders of insects whose larvae are known to be sensitive to poor stream water quality. The presence of L. maackii had a significant negative impact on the percentage of EPT individuals. There was no significant effect of L. maackii invasion on the number of families within EPT taxa (EPT Index). We noticed the greatest separation of these metrics as well as macroinvertebrate relative abundance between the heavily invaded site and one reference site. Seasonal effects do not seem to be a significant driver of alterations in EPT assemblages. This study hopes to show that the intensity of L. maackii has effects on macroinvertebrate health, carrying management implications. The results of this study suggest that land managers effectively manage L. maackii invasion so as not to significantly disrupt macroinvertebrate diversity and abundance.

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  The Multi-Sensory Design of a Synesthete’s Everyday Experience

  Madeline Murphy Spicer

  Perception—defined as becoming aware of occurrences in the world through the senses—is different for every person (Merriam-Webster 2019). My thesis focuses on perception in the form of a condition called synesthesia and the communication of this condition through the medium of graphic design. Synesthesia is a condition that involves the involuntary crossing of the senses, resulting in multi-sensory experiences every time a synesthete absorbs the world and specifically, visible language. Through the visible language of graphic design, I have created several projects that communicate my three goals for my thesis, which include conducting research on synesthesia, sharing what I experience every day as someone with synesthesia, and educating others about the condition. The results have come in the form of several graphic design-centered projects that developed from researching exhibitions featuring synesthesia and exploration of the senses, as well as many books written by neurologists, researchers, and designers. The projects include a storybook of discovery, research posters, and a visual song. They all utilize my visual perception of the world as a synesthete through transparency overlays with my colored letters on the text of the storybook and posters, or the song that is drawn how I see it in my mind’s eye. All of these elements have helped me begin my journey to educating others about synesthesia through researching the condition more in-depth and sharing my experience as someone with synesthesia.

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  The Nature of the Beast: Fossil Fuel Corporations, the Cornwall Alliance, and Climate Change Denial

  Scott Howland

  This project explores the relationship between climate change denialism and evangelical Christianity in the United States, focusing specifically on what Thomas Piketty calls, “apparatuses of justification.” In his work, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Piketty states that “if inequalities are seen as justified, say because they seem to be a consequence of a choice by the rich to work harder or more efficiently than the poor, or because preventing the rich from earning more would inevitably harm the worst-off members of society, then it is perfectly possible for the concentration of income to set new historical records” (263-264). The manner in which such notions become widely accepted, he argues, is not merely by chance; rather, it is through the concentrated efforts of government agencies, independent think tanks, popular media, etc. that these ideas become ingrained in the collective consciousness of a society. This paper argues that the characteristics of “apparatuses of justification” also apply to organizations that promote climate change denialism and examines the Cornwall Alliance as one specific example of an apparatus of justification manifest within the context of American evangelical Christianity.

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  The Necessity of Indigenous Feminisms in the Mainstream Feminist Movement

  Bailey N. Johnson

  Patriarchal and colonial structures have dominated North American society for centuries, consistently predicting the outcomes of lived experiences for marginalized groups. Over time, collective efforts within society have come to challenge these structures, including the contemporary feminist movement as well as decolonization efforts, respectfully. What has often been ignored within the mainstream feminist movement, however, is the interconnected nature of patriarchy with other oppressive structures, such as colonialism. This has resulted in a clear lack of identity of many in today’s world with the feminist label, despite adhering to sentiments of gender equity. Additionally, numerous other varieties of feminist scholarship and activism have emerged, seeking to ameliorate many of the existing gaps in mainstream feminism, including indigenous feminisms. Thus, I argue that as the mainstream feminist movement progresses in the contemporary moment, it is imperative that it make space for other feminisms which have sought to address many of its own gaps, specifically, indigenous feminism. The purpose of this would not only be to create more identity with the movement, but to develop tools for feminists to critically consider the binding connection between patriarchy and colonialism in ways that serves the overarching feminist goal of uprooting patriarchy.