Stander Symposium Projects

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  Musical Expression and Symbolic Forms

  Jacob Biesecker-Mast

  Frequently the idea of expression comes up when people talk about music’s value in human culture. However, expression is often ill-defined and can be found to be used many ways. Some argue music is not expressive at all, but instead is beautiful by virtue of its well-formed nature. This particular perspective, musical formalism, often looks at what is called “absolute music”, or music without any other kind of media like lyrics, and argues that the form of the music, with its interesting play between various melodies, counter melodies, and chord structure, is that which gives it value rather than any kind of expressive capabilities. Susanne Langer is a scholar who has written much on the philosophy of art and makes compelling arguments for the expressive nature of art, and thus departs from formalism distinctly. Many of her theories treat art as a sort of language that expresses through meaning-making symbols. However, there seem to be some weaknesses in her theory that can be fixed with some ideas from another philosopher of art, Nelson Goodman. Langer postulates that symbols in music, as distinct from discursive language, do not necessarily refer to an object to make meaning, but instead present concepts as they are through constructing analogous logical relationships. However, it seems that if the symbol does not refer to an object, then the symbol is all that is needed to comprehend the concept, thus it is not clear how the two are distinct. Goodman offers up the concept of exemplification, in which the symbol exemplifies the concept in question, in addition to presenting it. In this way, the value of music lies, at least in great part, in its capability to both express the emotional inner-life of human beings, and do important work in conceptualizing the world we live in.

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  Music Therapy Treatment Considerations for Adolescents with Attachment Challenges

  Jaylee Sowders

  Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, describes how our first relationships guide much of our social and emotional development throughout life (Bretherton, 1992). When attachment challenges occur, particularly during infancy, the maturation of adolescents as they transition into adulthood is severely impacted. However, the foundation of attachment assessment and treatment are rooted in classist, patriarchal, and white supremacist systems that do not equitably serve a diverse society. With a focus on equity and accessibility in mental healthcare, this study is focused on music therapy assessment and treatment with teenage clients facing attachment challenges and the role of music as a communicative tool and symbolic object for attachment. Through an interpretivist review of attachment theory and music therapy literature, combined with an analysis of relevant music therapy case studies, I will analyze the affordances, risks, and challenges of music therapy experiences in reforming and revising internal working models of attachment (Bowlby, 1969), using a dimensional perspective described by Raby et al. (2021). Music has the potential to address, validate, and promote further inquiry of the social and emotional complexities that often result from traumatic interpersonal relationships. The added musical relationships and music inherent to music therapy may provide new avenues for growth and healing by providing additional objects or secure bases for reconstructive attachment and relationship formation. This research will provide information for current and future music therapists facilitating music therapy with adolescents to address attachment challenges.

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  Muted Daughters, Powerful Performance in Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus and The Merchant of Venice

  Breann Webb

  The presentation will explore questions of agency, embodiment, silence and performance, and disability, in two of William Shakespeare’s plays Titus Andronicus and The Merchant of Venice. I will examine the ways in which directors and producers of contemporary adaptations of Shakespeare’s works, specifically the stage adaptation of Titus Andronicus by Lucy Bailey (2015) and the film adaptation by Julie Taymor (1999) and the stage adaptation of The Merchant of Venice by Polly Findlay (2015) and the film adaptation by Michael Radford (2004), alter the meaning of scenes for a modern audience, and help us to better understand the play texts themselves. In addition, these stage and film adaptations bring into question the wills and responsibilities of daughters during the early modern period in Europe that complicate meanings of power and identity. In The Merchant of Venice the audience is confronted with a father–daughter relationship between Shylock and Jessica, that places Jessica’s will and religion in question when she wishes to marry a Christian instead of a Jew, which during this period, meant legally converting to Christianity. This play tackles concerns about violence, will, agency, and silence that audiences also see in the father-daughter relationship of Titus and Lavinia in Titus Andronicus. Adaptations allow for a shift in emphasis and create meaning through action, not just words. For early modern audiences, and for us today, performance is fluid, contingent, and adaptive which allows for variances in interpretation. It is also important to acknowledge that feminist and queer theory assists many scholars and readers of Shakespeare in recognizing the patriarchal, heteronormative, and engendered assumptions across histories. Furthermore, feminist theory has illuminated the patriarchal structures that have silenced women. Thus, my presentation will also engage with early modern feminist scholars such as Melissa E. Sanchez, Christina Luckyj, Kathryn Schwarz, and Valerie Traub.

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  Nano-platelet Bi2-Bi2Se3 Nucleation and Optical Properties

  Margaret M. Brown; other authors: Katherine M. Burzynski, Derek Winner, Krishnamurthy Mahalingam, Ryan P. Laing, Tobin C. Muratore, Jeff L. Brown, Kurt G. Eyink, Said Elhamri, J.P. Corbett, and Amber Reed.

  Topological insulators are an exciting classification of materials exhibiting protected surface states that allow for spin-orbit coupling on the conductive surface while maintaining an insulated bulk. A selenium-deficient growth of the well-known topological insulator, Bi2Se3,produces a natural heterostructure consisting of quintuple layers of Bi2Se3 and 2D layers of Bi2 . Previous work has shown that both terminating layers yield distinct topologically protected surface states. Growth studies of this material reveal dimension-dependent optical properties. Evidence of an increased optical bandgap with decreased nano-platelet volume suggests the presence of quantum confinement, a phenomena that results in an increased and quantized bandgap. Additionally, this investigation reports a pressure-dependent nucleation study of Bi2-Bi2Se3 grown via direct current magnetron sputtering. This nucleation study and results can be exploited to fine tune the optical bandgap of Bi2-Bi2Se3 nano-platelets over a range of 1.55 to 2.21 eV. Such tunability may be utilized for the development of prototypical optoelectronic devices.

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  Narratives of Indian International Graduate Students’ Experiences in Relation to Their Mental Wellness and Help-Seeking Behavior

  Karren Shaalini Gunalan

  India is the second leading country that sends international students to the United States (OpenDoors, 2021). Although Asian Indians are the second largest international student group in the U.S., little research exists on their well-being and help-seeking behaviors compared to their Chinese counterparts (Chennamsetti, 2020). Therefore, this qualitative study explores Asian Indian international graduate students’ experience of their mental wellness across the six dimensions of the wellness (Hettler, 1976) and their help-seeking behaviors. The narratives of 10 Asian Indian international graduate students have been analyzed. Results show differences in how male and female students reflect on their mental well-being and help-seeking behavior. Male Asian Indian international graduate students tend to focus on being optimistic whereas female Asian Indian international graduate focus on how they were feeling, naming them as stressors, and seeking help when needed. The findings from this study provide specific implications for future practices and research on the mental wellness and help-seeking behavior of Indian International Graduate students.

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  Navigating the Sensory Experience in Higher Education for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder

  Grace Imhoff

  A growing population on college campuses is students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with 90 percent of these students having unique sensory needs. Yet very few studies solely focus on and amplify the sensory experience of college students with ASD. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how college students with ASD navigate their sensory differences in and out of the classroom and fill in gaps in current sensory research. Grounded in the constructivist paradigm, data was collected through nine one-on-one interviews with University of Dayton undergraduate students with ASD. The findings highlight students’ sensory challenges on campus, strategies used to navigate these challenges, and recommendations to improve practice. The implications suggest a need for increased ASD education and awareness as well as best practices for accommodating students’ sensory needs in and out of the classroom.

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  Net-Zero School Design

  Elizabeth Riedel, Keely Dryden, Kiara DiLoreto, Abigail Ward, Joseph Urso, Abigail Hoeppner, Emma Allington, Jessie Stranen

  This project represents the semester-long efforts by a group of civil engineering students to design a Net-Zero elementary school that incorporates sustainable design elements. The design effort focused on minimizing the impact of the school on the environment.

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  NMR-Based Lipid Analysis Indicates Cellular Membrane Lipids in Liver, but Not Skeletal Muscle or Blood Cells, Are Cold-Adapted in the Freeze-Tolerant Treefrog Dryophytes chrysoscelis

  Elizabeth Yokum

  Cope’s gray treefrog Dryophytes chrysoscelis belongs to a select group of vertebrates that survives the winter by tolerating repeated freezing and thawing of body water. One of the ways that D. chrysoscelis survives these freeze-thaw cycles is by using a complex system of chemical cryoprotectants to prevent cells from freezing and to maintain homeostasis of body fluids. We hypothesized that an additional mechanism that enables freeze tolerance is the modification of cellular membrane lipid composition during cold acclimation, thereby optimizing cellular biophysical properties and function in preparation for freezing. To evaluate that hypothesis, cellular membranes were prepared from liver, skeletal muscle, and blood cells of wild-caught male treefrogs that were cold-acclimated to 5°C (cold) or maintained at 22°C as the (warm) control group. 1H-NMR analysis was used to quantify relative abundance of membrane cholesterol and to characterize phospholipid fatty acids. Principal components statistical analysis indicates that membrane lipid profiles are tissue-specific, but that membrane lipids were affected by cold acclimation in liver tissue only. In liver, both free and esterified membrane cholesterol was elevated in the cold by 2-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively (P < 0.05). Fatty acid characterization revealed that chain length did not vary between groups (P = 0.46), but total fatty acid unsaturation (i.e. number of double bonds) was nearly doubled in cold frogs compared to the warm control (P < 0.05). Both mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids are more abundant in the cold group and the ω-6 fatty acid linoleic acid was more than 2-fold greater in membranes from cold frogs (P < 0.05). These specific modifications in liver membrane lipid composition support our hypothesis and would likely enhance cellular freeze tolerance in the cold. Surprisingly, membrane lipids were not similarly adapted in blood cells or muscle, indicating that membrane adaptation may be tissue-specific or adapted during freezing conditions.

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  Novel role of miR-137 in the eye development of Drosophila

  Rad Radhika Padma

  microRNAs (miRNAs) are 18-22 nucleotide short, which constitute a significant fraction of noncoding repertoire of the genome. miRNA regulate the expression of their target gene(s) through post-transcriptional means. These miRNA interacts with 3′ or 5′ UTRs of mRNAs, thereby stopping the translation by degradation of their target mRNA. miRNAs are evolutionarily conserved across taxa and can regulate more than one target mRNAs. We employed a forward genetic screen to look for the miRNA that affects eye development using Drosophila melanogaster eye model. Drosophila compound eye has been extensively used for the genome wide screen as it is easy to score the phenotypes, the genetic machinery to form an eye is highly conserved and it is nonessential for survival. In this screen, we identified a miRNA-137, which affects the eye development. Our investigations showed that the gain-of-function miRNA-137 in the developing eye-antennal imaginal disc significantly reduces the eye size in the larval eye imaginal disc and the adult eye. We employed bioinformatic tools to identify the target(s)of miRNA-137 using targetscan and Diana software. We identified four putative targets for miRNA-137 in the developing eye. We are in process of characterizing the roles of these targets in eye development and to validate that these candidate gene(s) expression is affected by miRNA-137 using molecular genetic approaches. Here we present our characterization of novel role of miRNA-137 role in the developing eye.

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  Numerical Study of a Mathematical Model on the Influence of Counseling on Divorce Rate

  Elizabeth Goettke, Bridget Gerber

  In this project, a mathematical model for minimizing divorce through counseling is being evaluated using numerical methods, such as Euler’s method and the Runge Kutta methods. We will compare the accuracy of these methods in simulations and error analysis. Matlab's built-in functions (ode23 and ode45) for Runge-Kutta methods are used along with our code for Euler's method.

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  Nursing Care Plan for Substance Abuse

  Elizabeth Volz, Sarah Pham, Shea Borchers

  This project features a nursing care plan for substance abuse created and presented by University of Dayton nursing students, Shea Meyer, Elizabeth Volz, and Sarah Pham. As current licensed nurses, we seek to aid and help build our communities stronger for all no matter our differences. In order to do so, we assess and analyze many factors of a community that play into the health of the individuals there. Patient care is not just about treating patients’ symptoms and sending them home. It is about providing patients with the best resources and interventions in order to watch them and the rest of the community thrive. This project started with an initial windshield survey. This survey was an assessment giving a visual overview of a community that aids in analyzing the health of that specific defined community. The survey included the Greater Dayton area within a 2.5 mile radius in all directions of the University of Dayton. It appeared that Dayton was in dire need of education on resources and outlets for people suffering from substance abuse. Data shows that Dayton is an epicenter for drug and alcohol abuse. Driving through the streets, it was easy to see evidence of concern. There were bars and alcohol on every street corner, the smell of drugs, and there are overdoses in the local hospitals.

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  Object size measurement using Reference Object

  Shiva Narayana Abhiram Maddala

  The goal of this project is to demonstrate knowledge of the Internet of Things by implementing it in a student-led project. In our daily lives, real-time object measurement is critical. The process of determining the dimensions of a specific object is known as measuring. Basic measuring tools such as tapes, rulers, and protractors are used. We have a serious problem when these tools are not available. This project will produce a rough prototype of the following concept. We obtain meaningful data from the sensor, detect objects, and obtain measurements with maximum accuracy. In this project's use case, we can get the size of data by using a refernce object.

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  Ohio 180 Years Ago: How Did Presbyterians React to Slavery In Ohio

  Noah Jackson

  A study on the Presbyterian reaction to slavery in the 19th century. It will view the topic from different lens that Presbyterians were involved in. To name two, it will address their reactions in acadamia, and the pulpit. Beginning at the turn of the 18th century into the mid 1800s, in order to display a sense of change over time in their reactions.

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  Oktoberfest in Germany and Brazil

  Julia Strittmatter and Margaret Ruhlmann

  Part of a course project on intercultural communication, which can be expressed and studied in myriad ways. The students of CMM 316.01 investigated various forms of cultural expression by comparing and contrasting the ways a particular form is used by multiple cultural groups. Specifically, each group researched and presented about the ways food, music, festivals, rituals, dance, clothing, and other artifacts communicate cultural identity in at least two different cultures.

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  Oktoberfest in Germany vs. The United States

  Jessie Morris, Ashley Walker, Maddie Hansen

  Part of a course project on intercultural communication, which can be expressed and studied in myriad ways. The students of CMM 316.01 investigated various forms of cultural expression by comparing and contrasting the ways a particular form is used by multiple cultural groups. Specifically, each group researched and presented about the ways food, music, festivals, rituals, dance, clothing, and other artifacts communicate cultural identity in at least two different cultures.

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  Online Auto-Fill Forms From Images

  Charith Boddu

  This project could be useful in simplifying and streamlining the process of filling out online forms, by leveraging technology to automatically extract text from images and populate the corresponding form fields. This could save time, reduce errors, and provide a more convenient and accessible way for users to complete online forms.The Autofill Forms project is a software development project that aims to create a web-based application that allows users to quickly and easily fill out online forms by extracting text from a picture and automatically populating the form fields with the extracted information.The application would allow users to take a picture of a document, such as a driver's license or passport, and use optical character recognition (OCR) technology to extract the text from the image. The extracted text would then be used to automatically fill in the corresponding fields in the online form.The project would involve designing a user-friendly interface that allows users to upload or take a picture of their document and preview the extracted information before auto filling the form. The application would also need to be able to handle different types of forms and adapt to changes in the form layout.Overall, the Autofill Forms project would aim to provide a more efficient and convenient way for users to fill out online forms by leveraging OCR technology and reducing the need for manual data entry.

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  Othering the Brother: Toward a Sibling-Oriented Ethics of Care

  William Bryant

  This project will be an examination of issues of childcare, gendered responsibilities, and family identity informed by feminist and queer theory. As the second oldest in a family of eight, I have always understood myself primarily as a big brother. Rooted in this experience, this project will be an exploration of feminist care ethics as they pertain to existing family structures. I aim to review and build upon feminist conversations surrounding the family, especially concerning motherhood. Then, working with more recent queer and trans discourse, I want to explore how different familial care practices have been limited, reconfigured, or erased under dominant cis-heteronormative notions of care. This will complicate many of the mother-oriented feminist theories of care, while still accounting for the work that occurs within the family—however 'family' may be defined. Finally, I will look at Virginia Woolf’s "To the Lighthouse" to recover and rethink representations of sibling care, especially as an alternative to the reproduction of gendered roles which often occurs between parent and child. This project will sketch a theory of sibling care practices, articulating what they have meant to me and what they can mean for our current social demands. Ultimately, I seek to understand how sibling relationships can forge networks of care beyond the typical family hierarchies and how the public sibling subject stands as a new ethical position which may attend to specifically queer needs.

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  Paperback: An Open-Source, Low-Power Digital Picture Frame

  Ryan Jones

  In an increasingly connected world, it is desirable to have devices that embrace the convenience of the Internet while still holding onto the familiarity of the traditional. Paperback is an open source, low-power digital picture frame built using an ESP32-series microcontroller and a 6-inch, 7-color ePaper display. Leveraging these two technologies gives Paperback several special capabilities. First, it can display 7-color, 0.2-megapixel images using no standby power; only when changing the image is power required. Second, it is nearly indistinguishable from a real photograph at distance—it requires no backlighting and displays smooth, unaliased edges. Finally, it supports wireless connectivity using Bluetooth Low Energy or Wi-Fi (802.11b/g/n), allowing for easy configuration from any laptop, computer, or Android smartphone. The open-source software supports many image formats and dithering algorithms, giving the user maximum control over how their picture is displayed.

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  Pathways from ADHD to Delinquency: The Role of Interpersonal Relationships and Self-Perception

  Courtney Gibson

  The relationship between problems associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and later externalizing behavior has yet to be fully understood within the context of interpersonal relationships and self-perception. This study examined whether parent-child relationship quality, deviant peer influence, and low self-perception that follow from childhood ADHP explains why children with ADHP are at elevated risk for delinquency in adolescence. Previous studies that have investigated the roles of these variables in the development of externalizing behavior. The study formally and comprehensively tested these pathways and addressed the methodological limitations of past studies on this topic. We used previously collected data from a nationally representative sample, the Children of the National Survey of Youth (CNLSY) at three time points using maternal and child reports. Data were analyzed using multilevel path analysis; parent-child relationship quality, deviant peer influence, and self-esteem, were examined as possible mediators of ADHD and delinquency. Results of this analysis failed to indicate that parent-child relationship quality, deviant peer influence, or self-perception mediate the relationship between ADHD and delinquency at the between or within level. Delinquent peer influence was directly associated with later adolescent delinquency at the between-family and within-family level. Self-perception was related to earlier ADHD at the between level and to later delinquency at the within level. These results indicate that deviant peer influence is related to later delinquency both between and within families. It also highlights that at a population level ADHD is related to lower self-perception. These results support previous research showing that lower self-perception and deviant peer influence is related to later delinquency. Further, understanding how these variables contribute to this pathway has clinical implications pertaining to preventing and managing behavior that can lead to delinquency. This can lay a foundation to facilitate positive relationships with peers to prevent later delinquency and increase self-perception.

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  Pathways to Desistance: The Steppingstone to Understanding Juveniles’ Perceptions of the Justice System

  Caleb Thomas

  Procedural justice is an important characteristic to both the public and legal authorities. The “Pathways to Desistance” study by Edward P. Mulvey, is a steppingstone to understanding the perception of juveniles and their outlook on procedural justice and the legal system in the United States. This research proposal will look at the many different perspectives of juveniles and the criminal justice system. The aim of this study is to identify any factors that impact the perceptions of the criminal justice system by juveniles. The current study will use the “Pathways to desistance, 2000-2010 dataset”. This study is a collaborative research project which used a longitudinal study to analyze 1,354 juvenile offenders who were found guilty of a serious offense. The method used to gather the data was the recruitment technique. These offenders had to be between the ages of 14 and 18 years old, at the time of committing their offense. The literature review was broken into three main categories: Studies on Procedural Justice, Studies on Courts, and Studies on Law Enforcement. The Studies on Procedural Justice included works by John Hagan, Anna Abate, Jose Pina-Sanchez and Brunton Smith. Jose Pina-Sanchez, Brunton Smith and Anna Abate all agreed in their articles that there is a correlation between juveniles and their perceptions of procedural justice. While John Hagan disagreed and stated that it was premature to apply procedural justice principles without more definitive casual studies. The Studies on Courts category uses an article written by Jeffrey J. Shook. Shook's findings revealed that there was a connection between the perceptions of the legal system and the youth's attorney. The last category, Studies on Law Enforcement, used an article written by Terrance J. Taylor. Taylors findings indicated that unlike research with adult samples, juveniles typically had an indifferent attitude towards police.

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  Perceptions of Sexual Assault: Differences in Gender

  Gabrielle Sparks, Connor Heck

  Sexual assault and rape are issues many college-aged students experience or see on American campuses. This study explores the perceptions and definitions of sexual assaults on college campuses and how they can differ between different factors. The independent variables in the study are gender, race, major, and age. The main independent variable being studied is gender, and how college students' perception of it change depending on this variable. The data being used in this study comes from a quantitative, online survey called the College Students Experiences Survey and it was collected using a convenience sampling technique. The final sample included 299 respondents from colleges all across the United States.

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  Performance Analysis of Certified Pilots in Virtual Environment

  Diya Liz Babu

  As information technology advanced swiftly, virtual reality (VR) technology moved from theory to application. Performance analysis is one area where VR technology is having an ever-growing impact. VR technology can be viewed as an aid that can be used to simulate specific tasks, and the output data that is retrieved can be used for research. These approaches include virtual training settings and conducting data analysis. This article explores how virtual reality technology can be used to analyze the performance of licensed pilots by giving them specified tasks to complete and closely examining the results. The research helped in finding the best machine learning algorithms that can be used for performance prediction and error analysis in the performance.

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  Peritraumatic Factors and the Capacity for Posttraumatic Growth

  Cady Ujvari

  A number of negative outcomes may result from exposure to traumatic events, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, substance use disorders, educational and occupational difficulties, and impaired social relationships (DiMauro & Renshaw, 2021; Fischer et al., 2022; Hatch et al., 2018; Keenan et al., 2018; Knipscheer et al., 2020). However, research has demonstrated that most people exposed to adversity or trauma are resilient, meaning that they do not struggle with these negative posttraumatic outcomes. In fact, some individuals will report a higher level of functioning after exposure to a traumatic event as compared to their baseline functioning prior to the event. This is referred to as posttraumatic growth (PTG; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996). PTG often emerges as the result of a cognitive struggle following a traumatic life event that impacts one’s assumptive world or core beliefs about themselves and others (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996). PTG is strongly associated with higher satisfaction in life, better physical health, and less anxiety and distress (Boals et. al, 2010). While some research has examined the effect of age on reported growth, it has done so solely in a population of childhood cancer survivors. Additionally, many studies have documented growth among trauma survivors with a range of traumatic experiences, but less research has focused on whether the type of trauma experienced may influence one’s capacity for experiencing growth. Finally, no known research has examined the interaction between age at the time of traumatic exposure and type of trauma in facilitation of PTG. The current study attempts to contribute to the knowledge of peritraumatic factors that influence the likelihood of experiencing growth. Having this knowledge will add significantly to the understanding of PTG as a construct, which is as of yet minimally understood. A sample comprised of undergraduate students and community members will be recruited to assess these research aims. Measures to be used in the present study represent a subset of a larger battery of measures.

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  Personal and Political: The Many Spheres of Interfaith Peace Efforts

  Charles Radgowski, Jane Carney, Geoffrey Campman

  This project is a literature review focusing on the efficacy of interfaith peace and mutual understanding efforts in a variety of contexts. Our findings are that interpersonal connection, accurate and complete religious education, and cooperation between church and state actors support peaceful pluralism in society.

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  Phishing-Attack, Detection and Prevention

  Bharath Srinivasan, Karthi Balasundaram, Mukilan Ashokraj Rajapriya

  Social Engineering is the process of deceiving people to reveal confidential information about themselves. There are various categories of Social Engineering, among which Phishing is the most frequently used attack nowadays; a new phishing site is created on the internet every 20 seconds and more than seventy percent of phishing emails are opened by their targets. From fraudulent emails to deploying malicious softwares on people's computers, phishing has become one of the main concerns that bothers the common people. There are various types of phishing such as Vishing (voice phishing), Email phishing, Smishing (SMS phishing) and many more, out of which we are going to deal with the email phishing. Email phishing is the practice of getting emails with malicious intents. The initial effort involved simulating potential phishing attacks within a controlled setup leading to devising a solution on how to detect and prevent clicking on the malicious links by common netizens like us. The developed Machine Learning (ML) model was able to classify the vulnerable links with 97.88% training and 96.4% testing accuracies respectively. Overall, the work provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in ML based phishing email detection, and highlights the potential of ML techniques to enhance the security of individuals and organizations against phishing attacks. Keywords : Social Engineering, Natural Language Processing, Sentimental analysis, Email Scams, CyberSecurity Automation, Individuals, Organizations