Stander Symposium Projects

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  Multi Structural Tunable Filters Using Optical Phase Change Material (O-PCM) for the Visible and IR Region

  Remona Heenkenda

  Phase change materials provide an ideal platform in designing optical switches and tunable optical components. This is due to the large reversible refractive index changes induced in phase change materials. In this work, we design and develop a tunable optical thin film filter for visible and infrared (IR) regions using optical phase change materials. In our prior work, we examined Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) phase change material, which undergoes an amorphous to crystalline phase change. Ge2Sb2Se4Te1(GSST) is a newer phase change material that undergoes a similar phase transition around ~300 C, and it is more suitable for operation in the IR region. It has low optical loss compared to Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) in both crystalline and amorphous states. Therefore, for many applications, GSST can be used over GST to achieve better performance. Based on the studies we have conducted so far, it was evident that using GSST, designing a tunable filter that equally performs in both crystalline and amorphous states, could be challenging. Therefore, other phase change materials (GeSe, GeTe, Ge3Te7 and Sb2Te3) need to be studied for application in tunable filter design. Findings of the detailed analysis of above-mentioned phase change materials for achieving the proposed objective will be discussed. This information will greatly contribute in expanding the scope of our research since there are numerous applications for these optically active materials.

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  MyWebGuard: Toward a User-Oriented Tool for Security and Privacy Protection on the Web.

  Jack A. Armentrout, Panchakshari N. Hiremath

  We introduce a novel approach to implementing a browser-based tool for web users to protect their privacy. We propose to monitor the behaviors of JavaScript code within a webpage, especially operations that can read data within a browser or can send data from a browser to outside. Our monitoring mechanism is to ensure that all detected leakage is automatically prevented by our context-aware policies that can be modified and redefined by the user. Our method advances the conventional same-origin policy standard of the Web by enforcing different policies for either each source of the code, or groups of related API. Although we develop the tool as a browser extension, our approach is browser-agnostic as it is based on standard JavaScript. Also, our method stands from existing proposals in the industry and literature. In particular, it does not rely on network request interception and blocking mechanisms provided by browsers, which face various technical issues and lead to an “all or nothing” approach to privacy on the web. We implement a proof-of-concept prototype and perform practical evaluations to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. Our experimental results evidence that the proposed method can detect and prevent data leakage channels not captured by the leading tools such as Ghostery and uBlock Origin. We show that our prototype is compatible with major browsers and popular real-world websites with promising runtime performance.

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  Neurochemical alterations upon retinectomy in the developing chick embryo: a preliminary study

  John Richard Coffey

  Chick embryos, between 3.5 and 4.5 days of development, have been found to be able to completely regenerate a removed retina in the presence of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). FGF2 activates the trans-differentiation of the retinal pigmented epithelium, providing a necessary step in the regenerative process. While the regenerative capabilities of the chick embryo are known, the injury signals, which stem from the retinal injury, effect on the brain’s neurochemistry is not known. The ISE summer CoRPs project aimed to use HPLC analysis of the chick embryo brain tissue during periods of 30 minutes, two hours, and three days post-retinectomy for both embryos with and without fibroblast growth factor 2 to analyze the impact injury signals and subsequent regeneration had on the brain’s neurochemistry. Samples of embryo brain tissue were harvested at Miami University and brought back to the University of Dayton, where they were subjected to ex vivo neurochemical analysis with high performance liquid chromatography. Herein, we present first preliminary evidence for intriguing neurochemical alterations upon retinectomy in the chick embryo.

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  New Insights into Hierarchical Structures in Polymer Nanocomposites: A Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) Simulation Study

  Ashish Gogia

  Polymeric systems such as natural rubber used in car and truck tires require the addition of suitable additives for the enhancement of numerous properties, including reinforcement and durability. The behavior of such fillers, (carbon black, silica, and metal oxides and some combination thereof), and their influence on nanocomposite effectiveness, depends on the filler structure, the interaction between filler-polymer matrix as well as the processing history. To understand this problem, we perform Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) simulation of these blends, varying polymer-polymer, filler-filler, and polymer-filler interaction energy. We will discuss the effects of interaction strength, the scaling of polymer chains, and methods to quantify the filler percolation threshold and mesh size as a function of filler concentration. In addition, the simulation results are also validated experimentally through small-angle x-ray scattering data to provide insight and understanding of how these complex structures develop in these multicomponent systems.

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  Novel Combinational Therapy Targets Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Infections in a Flow Model

  Jessica Elizabeth Geyer

  The rise of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens is one of the greatest medical concerns of the century. In MDR infections, the use of antibiotics is almost entirely useless, leaving patients at a higher risk of mortality. Almost 80% of human infections involve biofilms. The biofilm-associated cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are up to 1000-fold more resistant to antibiotics than planktonic cells. The danger caused by the resistance of these pathogens has initiated an urgent need to look for alternative antimicrobial therapies such as phage therapy, which uses the natural relationship of lytic bacteriophages to eliminate infections. Our lab has examined a successful combinational therapy that treats biofilms of P. aeruginosa using a lytic bacteriophage (PEV2) and our novel patented porphyrin (ZnPor). The objectives of this proposal are to evaluate the synergistic antibacterial effectiveness of ZnPor and PEV2. Biofilm flow models were constructed to represent a in vitro infection model using CDC approved bioreactors. Bioreactors were inoculated with wild type strain of P. aeruginosa and grown for 16~18 hours, then treated with a combination of PEV2 and ZnPor both alone and combined. Phage and bacterial burden were quantified and biofilm structure was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The therapy we have developed involves a novel patented porphyrin (ZnPor), which rendered biofilms more porous and less strongly attached. The subsequent addition of bacteriophage PEV2 resulted in the killing of virtually all the remaining cells. The significance of our novel approach of antimicrobial management is that, unlike other protocols involving biofilm eradication, our strategy addresses the issue of resistance. The ability to disrupt the inherent structure of biofilms and make cells accessible to treatment promotes little resistance and decreases bacterial success in colonization of biomaterials. The treatment of life-threatening infections is foundational to UD’s mission of Research for the Common Good.

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  Novel Intelligent Control System for Combating Ventilator Induced Lung Injury

  Jason Andrew Cahill

  Mechanical ventilation, as a resource for critical care, is a balancing act. Every day physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists rely on this life saving intervention to support patients who are too weak or ill to breathe on their own. Unfortunately, structural and physiological damage can easily occur as a result of aggressive or long-term ventilator use. Because of the cardiopulmonary system’s tremendous complexity as well as the innate variability in parameters due to disease, individuality, and time, most ventilators require continual adjustment to avoid these side effects, essentially making the physician the controller. This project proposes a radical step forwardin design, a three-part control method that will bring the patient into the loop in an unprecedented way. First, a nonlinear controller utilizing a generic model of the cardiopulmonary system. Second, a neural network-based adaptive controller capable of reducing the immediate deviation between the first controller and the real patient. Finally, an intelligent system identification algorithm that optimizes the parameters of the first controller in real-time, thereby further reducing error associated with long term variations. At each step the controller will be analyzed, developed, and tested via simulation, with the final product signifying a leap forward in respiratory care.

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  Number Sense in Every Color

  Jordan Trenkamp

  Identify the importance of getting creative in your classroom especially with number sense. Students need multiple ways to learn how to engage in number sense and understand numbers. This presentation identifies the who, what, why, and how of strategies that help students better understand number sense.

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  Olympic Games Event Recognition via Adaptive Convolutional Neural Networks

  Yousef Idris Yousef Mohamad

  Automatic event recognition based on human action is both interesting and valuable research topic in the field of computer vision and deep learning. With the rapid increase and the explosive spread of data which is being captured momentarily, the need of fast and precise access to the right information has become challenging task with considerable importance for multiple practical applications, e.g., image and video search, sport data analysis, healthcare monitoring applications, monitoring and surveillance systems for indoor and outdoor activities, and video captioning. This research, part of my master’s thesis, develops an adaptive content-aware convolution neural network with the capability of analyzing, recognizing and interpreting the sport event in the Olympic games based on human action. 20 of the 33 sports scheduled for inclusion in the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 will be included in the collected data set to evaluate the proposed method. This method combines convolutional neural network (CNN) and transfer learning (fine-tuning method) to potentially achieve best performance with high accuracy and precision of the event recognition.

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  On Isomorphism Theorems and Characterizing Properties of Groups

  Jack M. Dalton

  In group theory, understanding properties of groups is essential. However, in some circumstances determining the properties of groups is challenging because of the structure or ambiguity of a group. The Isomorphism Theorems provide a solution to this challenge. When two groups are isomorphic to one another, it is said that those two groups have the same properties as each other. Given a group G and subgroups N and K of G, the First, Second, and Third Isomorphism Theorems allow us to find isomorphisms between different groups. In this study, we examine the proofs for the Isomorphism Theorems to understand which groups we can claim are isomorphic to each other.

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  Optimization of Aluminum Scandium Nitride Growth for Piezoelectric Applications

  Ryan P. Laing

  The piezoelectric coefficient of aluminum nitride (AlN), a material important for radio frequency communication applications, has been shown to depend strongly on film crystallinity. Aluminum scandium nitride (AlScN) is an alloy of AlN and ScN that has been demonstrated to have up to a 5x increase in piezoelectric coefficient compared to pure AlN. The correlation between synthesis conditions, film crystallinity, and the piezoelectric coefficient is still being extensively studied. AlScN films were deposited on thin layers of titanium nitride on sapphire substrates using reactive magnetron sputtering. Films were grown with a variety of sputter powers and substrate temperatures to ascertain the effect of these conditions on film crystallinity and surface morphology. The full-width half-max of x-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curve scans was used to determine the film crystallinity, while atomic force microscopy revealed the surface morphology. This characterization is preliminary work for a greater study in which the d33 piezoelectric coefficient will be measured with piezoelectric force microscopy, which will be correlated with the XRD rocking curve to find the deposition conditions with the highest piezoelectric performance.

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  Optimization of Solar Array Positioning Actuators for Small Satellites

  Mohamed Ali Alsadig Mohamed

  The goal of this research is to evaluate the benefit of actuating solar arrays for small satellites. CubeSats are small satellites that are built to standard dimensions (Units or “U”) of 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm. They can be 1U, 2U, 3U, or 6U in size, and weigh less than 1.33 kg (3 lbs) per U. Since their introduction in 1999 by California Polytechnic State University and Stanford University engineers, more than 1100 have been deployed into orbit. CubeSats rely solely on a solar array to generate energy from the sun. The size and weight limitations place constraints on solar panels' size and thus the available power budget and stored energy reserves, which decrease the CubeSat functions. The CubeSats capabilities could be greatly enhanced by increasing the available on-board power. This research determined the energy capturing capability from various solar panel configurations and positioning. Optimal angles of one and two degree-of-freedom positioning. Each configuration of solar cell is simulated for a CubeSats satellite in geo-synchronous and sun-synchronous orbits. In addition, this research will create design models of these various mechanisms configurations by using Sarrus linkage mechanism that elevates the solar cell away from the body of satellite to make sure that these configurations are suitable for the size and weight of the CubeSat.

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  Our Voices Matter: Stories from UD’s LGBTQ+ Students

  Heather Ashley, Morgan Couture, Elizabeth Gallagher, Leo Holbrook, Brian Kizer, Christopher Peck, Christina Reynolds, Rebecca Trumbull, Angela Weiland

  LGBTQ+ students often rely on their found families at college to be able to truly express their identities and have people who understand what they are going through. During a time of physical distancing, many students have been separated from their found families. In addition, they may be in spaces where they cannot freely express themselves or do not have a proper support system. Our Voices Matter highlights the voices of LGBTQ+-identifying students and their narratives. We have collected anonymously-submitted narratives pertaining to the themes of found family and community during the current pandemic. These will be shared by volunteer members of the LGBTQ+ community. Participants will have the opportunity to discuss the stories they have heard, and to identify ways they can act in solidarity with UD’s LGBTQ+ students. This is the third annual Our Voices Matter event, and the first year that it will be facilitated as a part of the Stander Symposium.

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  Overall Semi-Empirical Rate-Law Formulation for the Performance Evaluation of a Lithium-Based Cell or Battery

  Shane Kosir

  Professor Sarwan S. Sandhu and his graduate chemical engineering students at the University of Dayton have actively participated in the theoretical modeling and experimental activities to investigate and develop new lithium-based cells and batteries since 2013 in collaboration with a team of engineers and scientists led by Dr. Joseph P. Fellner of the Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Here, we present the very recent developed formulation intended for the performance evaluation of lithium-based cells and batteries.

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  Parent University

  Erin Collins

  Parent University is a monthly, psychoeducation class offered to parents and guardians on the east and west ends of Dayton where topics such as resiliency, mindfulness, and self-regulation are discussed. This study aims to collect both quantitative and qualitative data from the first cohort of participants on their thoughts on the program and its effectiveness in their lives. Participants will complete the Protective Factors Survey and a measure designed by the researchers in collaboration with the community partners leading the sessions. Data collection is still in progress, and the data will be evaluated to determine the effectiveness of the Parent University sessions and what participants hope to see in future sessions and cohorts.

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  Patience, Young Grasshopper: Analyzing the Fungal Composition of the Grasshopper Gut Microbiome

  Staci Seitz, Melani Muratore

  Microbes inhabit many corners of the Earth, including the intestines of all animals. These intestinal microbes, collectively called the “gut microbiome,” provide numerous nutritional and regulatory functions for the animals they live in and thus play an important role in animal health. The fungal communities in insects, specifically, play a diverse, but important role in insect physiology, as well as insect control. The goals of this project were to expand knowledge of R programming through statistical analysis of microbial ecology and to identify the fungal communities in grasshoppers to enrich our knowledge in insect fungal microbiome. The two main objectives in the project include (1) the identification of the composition of the fungal communities in grasshoppers and (2) the assessment of the drivers influencing the composition of the fungal communities. The grasshoppers were collected in the summer of 2017 from a Texas prairie bu Dr. Prather's research team. Upon arrival at the University of Dayton, the guts of the grasshoppers were removed by Melani Muratore to extract the DNA, which was then submitted for sequencing by Zymo Research. After analyzing the sequencing results, with funding from the STEM Catalyst Grant awarded to Dr. Prather, we identified two fungal phyla that were present in all samples: Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Within Ascomycota, the class Dothideomycetes is most prevalent. Within Basidiomycota, the classes Tremellomycetes and Ustilaginomycetes are most prevalent. Dothideomycetes are typically found as saprobes, or decomposers, that break down dead organic matter. They are also commonly found on living plants, acting as pathogens or endophytes. Tremellomycetes are a type of pathogenic fungus that acts as a parasite toward insects and plants. Ustilaginomycetes, known as “smut fungi,” act as a parasite toward vascular plants. These classes of fungi are directly involved with plant matter, suggesting the association of plant fungi and the grasshopper fungal communities.

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  Permaculture Gardening: The Potential for and Obstacles to Behavior Change in Farming Techniques to Increase Food Security in Rural Malawi

  Morgan Day

  This study assessed permaculture (PC) gardening as a solution to food insecurity in rural northern Malawi by investigating its potential to be adopted by farmers and increase food production. Permaculture is "a system of agricultural and social design principles that synergistically and adaptively centers upon natural ecosystems," which includes strategic water and waste management and plant selection (Rivett et al., 2018). Research was conducted in partnership with Determined to Develop, a grassroots Malawi-based NGO. On a micro-level, this study documented best practices of permaculture in Malawi. On a meso-level, the obstacles to adoption of permaculture by traditional farmers and behavior change of the individual within larger cultural, political, economic, and environmental contexts were assessed. On a macro-level, the state of development of Malawi and whether permaculture is a potential solution to food insecurity was explored through interviews with political, academic, and nonprofit representatives. This study included 21 interviews and one focus group. An overarching theme of reciprocity was found, with sharing of knowledge and resources among stakeholders as well as a symbiotic relationship with the environment being indicators of successful outcomes. Overall, permaculture has the potential to mitigate food insecurity in Malawi, but obstacles, including economic (poverty and lack of education), cultural (aversion to labor and jealousy among neighbors), and ineffective public policies, prevent farmers’ behavior change and permaculture from being an effective solution. This study recommends further research into commercialization of agriculture and reform of public policy to increase available permaculture farming education and inputs.

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  Photon Effect Observed in Nano-Rectenna for Optical Frequencies

  Shuo Sun

  The purpose of the research is to explore novel nanostructure configurations such as metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures for broadband and ultrafast response photodetectors and high efficiency energy harvesters.

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  Physical to Virtual Reality Mapping

  Dakota Pease

  Since its commercial release, virtual reality has opened a new world of possibilities, and continues to find its way into an increasing number of industries. One limitation of current virtual reality systems is the user’s inability to feel the objects they interact with. In order to tackle this problem a system was designed to track objects in a physical space and map them to a virtual world. This would allow a user to interact with objects in the real world and the virtual world at the same time. The system would combine three pieces of technology: a virtual reality engine (Unity3D) to manage the virtual world, a LeapMotion sensor to allow the system to track the users hands in the real world and project them into the virtual world, and a Kinect Camera Sensor that tracks the positions of objects in the real world and updates them in the virtual world. The system could be used as a proof of concept to study how this new form of interaction affects the user experience, and serve as a building block for more advanced virtual reality systems.

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  Physiology Understanding (PhUn) Week

  Jenna Sorensen

  Physiology Understanding Week (PhUn Week) is a nationwide outreach program. Beginning in 2005 as a small-scale pilot program launched by the American Physiological Society (APS) in four states, PhUn Week has steadily expanded to connect thousands of scientists and local school children every year. During the pilot phase, the theme focused on the physiology of exercise and fitness, with students looking at heart rate respiration, muscle contractions, and the cardiovascular system. PhUn Week fosters partnerships between researchers and K-12 teachers and students and brings increased representation to the field of physiology. It was designed with the goals of increasing student interest in and understanding of physiology, increasing teacher recognition of physiology in their science curriculum, and introducing students to possible careers in physiology. We want to foster curiosity in students and give them an “inside look” at what research can be about at a university and how important physiology is to all of us.The theme for this year’s PhUn Week is stress, specifically looking at the nervous system and stress (while still broadly introducing other systems to the students). As stress and components of the nervous system can be difficult concept for young students to grasp, we are taking an integrative approach to discuss the anatomy and physiology of sympathetic engagement in the nervous system, explain how diet and exercise can stress this system, and explore factors that can positively and negatively impact psychological stress.

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  Possible Cancer Treatment using the Drosophila Glioma Model

  Rachel Croyle, Claire Feller, Cristina Flamand De Los Reyes, Catherine Martini, Isha Mishra, Jordan Terschluse

  Glioma are brain tumors with very poor prognosis. The standard of care is surgery followed by radio- and chemo/immuno-therapy, or combinations thereof, however, healthy cells are affected as well as tumorous cells and all patients eventually die. Thus, there is a need to test if recently approved drugs can inhibit the growth and progression of this tumor. We have developed a Drosophila glioma model based on the two genetic/ oncogenic pathways known to be most frequently activated in patients viz., the Ras/MAPK pathway and the PI3K pathway. We designed a chemical screen involving drugs targeting Tyrosine kinases (Selleck Biochem Chemical library) – key enzymes that are activated by oncogenic pathways. The chemical screen involves feeding glioma containing larvae 10uM and 300uM drugs from the library at early third instar stage, then allow these larvae to grow and mature to the third instar stage (120h of development), and then dissect the brain to study effects on glioma growth and track survival on days 5-7 when other glioma positive larvae die. Here, we present data from our screen on promising drugs from this academic year’s testing focusing on drugs H10 and H11. Once we identify potential glioma inhibitors in the primary screens, we will validate them in secondary screens.

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  Praying with your eyes open: potential U.S. lay saints' somatic spirituality

  Joshua Wopata

  This presentation will use modern lay causes for sainthood as sources of somatic spirituality. We will do this by looking through their eyes at the world in a way that is closer to seeing it as at least a sacrament, if not more in keeping with the more classical image of an organism or body. I will attempt to demonstrate how their experiences of particular icons of nature (e.g. trees, leaves) led to encounters with the sacred. These evocative events compliment and connect to their embrace of a more strictly Catholic and liturgical sacramental imagination. Lastly, we will examine how these lay witnesses very own bodies also function as sacramental sites of redemption that reflect a long standing Catholic and Incarnational spirituality, but in a new way and context. Phenomena like the stigmata, or in one even more extreme case- a rose allegedly growing out of the chest of one mystic, frustrate our modern sensibilities, but are suggestive about where the Sacred has come to rest in modern American Catholic Church: inscribed in the fragile bodies and bedrooms of laywomen who themselves become icons of the presence of God in a society that has attempted to quarantine the supernatural. Banished from our imagination to a non-corporeal transcendent reality God remains at a safe distance- entirely within the immanent frame. The Enlightenment metaphor that reimagined the created cosmos as a machine may have suffocated a legitimate Christian instinct finding God within creation. The overly enthusiastic Enlightenment division of the natural from the supernatural may have also limited our imagination about where we can find God. It is the goal of my research to allow these holy persons to assist us in rediscovering a somatic spirituality that can find the transcendent God here in our body and the body of the world.

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  Production Chain Analysis Using Markov Chains

  Nick Cagle

  Many businesses maintain inventories of items, both virtual and material, to be sold directly to the end user or to be used in the production of manufactured items. Maintaining an inventory incurs cost to the business due to a variety of factors that include procurement of a storage facility, wages, and energy usage. In addition, the longer an item is idling in a storage facility, the more cost it incurs. Therefore, an effective inventory management scheme is essential to maintaining the profit margin of any business that runs an inventory. In this presentation, we discuss the steady-state analysis of a mathematical model of inventory originally developed by J. Artalejo (2006). Using matrix analytic queueing theory, the performance measures (average number of demands for inventory in system and the average time spend by demands in the system) are collected for systems undergoing the regimes of light, normal, and heavy traffic. The study will demonstrate that the average number of demands and the average time in system will increase in proportion to the severity of traffic experienced by the system.

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  Project-Based Learning in the College Composition Classroom: A Case Study

  Zoe Burke

  Many college composition instructors are facing lower levels of student engagement in their classes, and it is not entirely clear why this disengagement is happening or what we can do to stop it. As a composition instructor here at UD, I see this disengagement firsthand and want to experiment with different way of teaching composition to help students better engage with the material while still meeting all the learning outcomes. For this project, I build and teach two sections of ENG 200 using the structure of Project-Based Learning (PBL), a student-focused teaching method in which students develop real-world solutions (“projects”) for real-world problems. I then perform a qualitative summative evaluation of each section, using interviews with students and personal notes on my experience. From these data, I find that students prefer the PBL classes to traditional English classes for a variety of reasons, including the wider range of choice and control afforded to them by projects and the real-world impact of their creations, but that PBL can make it more challenging for instructors to meet all learning outcomes. PBL may not be the perfect answer to college composition’s engagement problem, but it is worth considering as a possible model for composition instructors and an exciting new area of study for composition scholars. In this presentation, I will discuss my experience of building and teaching a PBL class, my findings regarding my students’ experiences of taking the class, and my suggestions for further research and experimentation with PBL in the college composition classroom.

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  Propeller Partial Ground Effect

  Jielong "Jacky" Cai

  We extend our recent propeller ground-effect study to consider a circular ground-plate, instead of planar-surface of assumed infinite extent. Parameter studies include propeller to plate diameter ratio, propeller diameter to ground-offset ratio, and propeller pitch to diameter ratio. As with classical ground effect, benefits of thrust-augmentation and/or power-reduction with proximity to the ground, depend on the propeller pitch to diameter ratio. Flow visualization suggests that for larger pitch to diameter ratio, the lack of conclusively large ground-effect benefits can be attributed to stalled flow about the blade, and spatially more diffuse tip-vortices. A circular ground-plate of half of the propeller diameter was found to have almost no distinction from that of an unimpeded free-stream, while when the plate and propeller have the same diameter, the resulting ground-effect already resembles that of the infinite-plate.

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  Properties of the Line Graph and Total Graph Operators

  Preston Reed Boorsma

  This is a MTH 480 capstone project. A graph is a mathematical object that consists of two sets, a set of vertices and a set of edges. An edge joins two vertices and depicts a relationship between those vertices. This project investigates properties preserved and generated by the line graph and total graph operators on graphs. We explore the effects of these operators on Hamiltonian, Eulerian, and pancyclic structures of graphs.